ObjectivesTo evaluate the sleep patterns among young West Balkan adults during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Design and settingCross-sectional study conducted using an anonymous online questionnaire based on established sleep questionnaires Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (February–August 2021).ParticipantsYoung adults of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia.ResultsOf 1058 subjects, mean age was 28.19±9.29 years; majority were women (81.4%) and students (61.9%). Compared with before the pandemic, 528 subjects (49.9%) reported a change in sleeping patterns during the pandemic, with 47.3% subjects reporting sleeping less. Mean sleeping duration during the COVID-19 pandemic was 7.71±2.14 hours with median sleep latency of 20 (10.0–30.0) min. Only 91 (8.6%) subjects reported consuming sleeping medications. Of all, 574 (54.2%) subjects had ISI score >7, with majority (71.2%) having subthreshold insomnia, and 618 (58.4%) PSQI score ≥5, thus indicating poor sleep quality. Of 656 (62.0%) tested subjects, 464 (43.9%) were COVID-19 positive (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) who were 48.8%, next to women (70%), more likely to have insomnia symptoms; and 66.9% were more likely to have poor sleep quality. Subjects using sleep medication were 44 times, and subjects being positive to ISI 15.36 times more likely to have poor sleep quality. In contrast, being a student was a negative independent predictor for both insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality, and mental labour and not working were negative independent predictors for insomnia symptoms.ConclusionsDuring the third wave of the pandemic, sleep patterns were impaired in about half of young West Balkan adults, with COVID-19-positive subjects and being women as positive independent predictors and being a student as negative independent predictor of impaired sleep pattern. Due to its importance in long-term health outcomes, sleep quality in young adults, especially COVID-19-positive ones, should be thoroughly assessed.

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This paper examines the linguistic phenomenon of prepositional polysemy, illustrated by two analyses of the English preposition over. Due to its complex meaning, over has been frequently studied within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Two approaches to prepo- sitional polysemy – a radical polysemy of prepositional meaning authored by Lakoff (1987) and a more moderate approach by Tyler and Evans (2003) are reviewed and compared in the paper. Given that both fall within cognitive linguistics studies, their fundamental assumptions are identical. Still, they significantly depart in the treat- ment of the proliferation of meaning. My paper aims at identifying and, subsequently, analyzing these differences. Following my review and comparison of these approaches, I reach the conclusion in support of a more moderate approach – the one which not only acknowledges contextual uses but also significantly reduces the number of distinct prepositional senses, stored in the semantic memory.

Introduction: Opportunistic CMV reactivation is the most common viral complication after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the frequency of CMV reactivation in relation to the serostatus od the donor and the recipient, and the correlation with the day of leukocyte (Le) and thrombocyte (Tr) engraftment. We compared the frequency of CMV reactivation in myeloablative conditioning (MAC) versus reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), as well as in match related donor (MRD) versus match unrelated donor (MUD) allo-HSCT. We analyzed whether CMV reactivation affected the overall survival (OS) after allo-HSCT. Materials and methods: In a retrospective cohort study, we inspected 42 patients over the age of 18 years, who were treated at the Clinic for Hematology of the Clinical Center of Serbia, from December 2017 to November 2019. Results: Most CMV reactivations were noticed if the recipient (R) was seropositive, and the donor (D) was seronegative (R+/D= 60.0%). The number of CMV DNA copies corelated with the day of leukocyte engraftment of (p = 0.031), but not of thrombocyte engraftment (p = 0.598). The frequency of reactivation in patients treated with RIC was 25.0%, and it was 63.5%, if they were treated with MAC. The intensity of the conditioning regimen corelated with the number of CMV DNA copies (p = 0.025%). There was no correlation found between the type of transplantation (MRD or MUD) and CMV reactivation (p = 0.515). OS after allo-HSCT was 36.39 months (95% CI 26,0 - 46,78). The mean OS in patients with CMV reactivation was 7.39 months (95% CI 5,72 - 9,06), but we did not prove that CMV reactivation had an impact on OS (p = 0.527). Conclusion: CMV reactivation was most common in the R+/Dgroup. CMV reactivation did not affect OS after allo-HSCT in our group of patients.

Objective: Romania began its COVID-19 immunization programme with approved vaccinations in three stages, as follows: The first step of vaccination is for health and social professionals, the second stage is for high-risk persons and the third stage is for the remainder of the general public. This study aims at assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 and vaccination against COVID-19 in the Romanian population during the third wave of the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a Bosnian and Herzegovinian study on COVID-19 vaccination during the country’s third wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Our study sample, dominantly female (629; 61.0%), with a bachelor’s degree (734; 71.2%), either single (539; 52.3%) or in a relationship (363; 35.2%), engaged in intellectual labour (910; 88.3%) and living in an urban environment (874; 84.8%) with a mean age of 25.07 ± 8.21 years, 294 (28.5%) people with COVID-19 symptoms and 86 (8.3%) were tested COVID-19 positive, had a mean knowledge score of 16.38 ± 4.0 with correct answer rates on questions ranging from 30.1% to 88.2%. Being single (odds ratio = 3.92, p = 0.029) or in a relationship (odds ratio = 3.79, p = 0.034), having a bachelor’s degree and higher (odds ratio = 1.61, p = 0.006) and being COVID-19 tested (odds ratio = 1.82, p < 0.001) were associated with higher knowledge test scores. Our sample had relatively optimistic attitudes towards final COVID-19 disease containment (712; 69.1%) and vaccination programmes (679; 65.9%). The majority of the sample followed socio-epidemiological measures and did not visit places of mass social gatherings (666; 64.1%) and wore masks (992; 95.7%) while being outside their home. In terms of vaccination rates, 382 (37.0%) of the individuals were presently immunized against COVID-19. Higher knowledge test scores (>15 points) (odds ratio = 1.66, p = 0.002) and positive attitudes of this study (odds ratio = 1.59, p = 0.001, odds ratio = 4.16, p < 0.001) were identified as independent predictors for vaccinating against COVID-19. Conclusion: Romanian citizens have had good knowledge, optimistic attitudes and appropriate practices towards COVID-19 vaccination during the third wave of COVID-19 outbreak in the country. Higher knowledge regarding the disease and vaccination against it not only increased attitudes towards the end of the pandemic, but also increased the willingness to be vaccinated and to avoid infection risk factors.