The present study was conducted to establish a protocol for the regeneration of virus-free garlic plants through somatic embryogenesis of two Croatian garlic ecotypes. Basal parts of cloves from mother plants were cultured on a full Murashige and Skoog (MS) or modified MS medium (¼ of KNO3 and NH4NO3 and 2xMgSO4) containing 0.1 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 1 mg L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin (Kin) and representing four different treatments. Plants were regenerated in MS medium containing 0.1 mg L−1 2,4-D and rooted in a medium containing 0.05 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 0.005 mg L−1 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP). The presence of viruses (i.e., sanitary status) of the mother plants and regenerants was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mother plants were infected with onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV). In addition, the presence of garlic common latent virus (GCLV) was confirmed in four mother plants. Embryogenic callus developed in all four treatments with success ranging from 55% to 81% depending on treatment and ecotype. Plant conversion was significantly higher in somatic embryos developed in media containing 0.1 mg L−1 2,4-D than those developed in media containing 1 mg L−1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L−1 Kin. Virus elimination success ranged from 13.3% up to 62.5% depending on garlic ecotype and treatment. The overall rate of virus elimination by somatic embryogenesis for both treatments and ecotypes were 20.7%, 22.9%, and 30.5% for OYDV, GCLV, and LYSV, respectively. Based on these results, somatic embryogenesis has been shown to be equally or more successful in eliminating garlic viruses compared to other in vitro methods.

Pšenica (Triticum aestivum L.) je jedna od najvažnijih ratarskih kultura u Hrvatskoj. Nakon žetve, sprema se u skladišta u kojima ostaje do trenutka prerade u mlinske proizvode. Dokazano je, da je kakvoća pšenice nešto slabija odmah nakon žetve i da je potrebno da pšenica određeno vrijeme ostane uskladištena. To razdoblje koje se još naziva i posliježetveno dozrijevanje, traje različito za različite sorte. Tijekom tog razdoblja ali i tijekom skladištenja zrna pšenice do prerade, određeni čimbenici mogu pozitivno, ali i negativno utjecati na proteine, ugljikohidrate, lipide, hektolitarsku masu, svojstva mljevenja i reološka svojstva. Cilj ovog rada je korištenjem znanstvene literature prikazati koji čimbenici i na koji način utječu na promjenu ugljikohidrata, masti i proteina tijekom skladištenja pšenice te dinamiku poboljšanja reoloških svojstava pšenice od uskladištenja do početka prerade.

Multiple phytohormones act as conserved developmental regulators in land plants. Although the closely related streptophyte green algae typically lack full complements of molecular pathways underlying these responses, scattered reports of endogenous phytohormone production in these organisms exist. In this study, we performed a detailed LC/MS-based analysis of several phytohormones, their precursors and metabolites in all lineages of streptophyte algae. We also included chlorophyte algae and early-diverging land plants as outgroups. Free auxin, tRNA-derived cytokinins and certain phenolics including salicylic acid were found ubiquitously. However, land plants differed from green algae by the consistent detection of abscisic acid and the presence of auxin and cytokinin conjugates and trans-zeatin, supporting the hypotheses that these three phytohormones likely came to regulate development in the ancestral land plant. By contrast, we observed a patchy distribution of jasmonates among streptophytes. We additionaly analyzed the corresponding culture and empty media to account for phytohormone excretion and environmental contamination. Extracellular auxins and cytokinins were frequently detected, while agar constituted a major external source of phenolic compounds. We provide a highly comprehensive evolution-directed screen of phytohormone compound occurrence and thoroughly discuss our data in the context of current plant hormonomics and phylogenomics.