In 2016, an average of 5.0 tons of waste per household was generated in the European Union (including waste glass). In the same year, 45.7% of the waste glass in the EU was recycled. The incorporation of recycled waste glass in building materials, i.e., concrete, cements, or ceramics, is very popular around the world because of the environmental problems and costs connected with their disposal and recycling. A less known solution, however, is using the waste glass in composite products, including sand-lime. The aim of this work was to assess the role of recycled container waste glass in a sand-lime mix. The waste was used as a substitute for the quartz sand. To verify the suitability of recycled glass for the production of sand-lime products, the physical and mechanical properties of sand-lime specimens were examined. Four series of specimens were made: 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% of recycled waste glass (RG) as a sand (FA) replacement. The binder mass did not change (8%). The research results showed that ternary mixtures of lime, sand, and recycled waste glass had a higher compressive strength and lower density compared to the reference specimen. The sand-lime specimen containing 100% (RG) increased the compressive strength by 287% compared to that of the control specimen. The increase in the parameters was proportional to the amount of the replacement in the mixtures.

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using waste glass of different colours as a complete substitute for quartz sand in autoclaved silica–lime samples. On the one hand, this increases the possibility of recycling waste glass; on the other hand, it allows obtaining autoclaved materials with better properties. In this research, reference samples with quartz sand (R) and white (WG), brown (BG), and green (GG) waste container glass were made. Parameters such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption were examined on all samples. The samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (SEM/EDS) and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The WG samples showed 187% higher compressive strength, BG by 159%, and GG by 134% compared to sample R. In comparison to the reference sample, volumetric density was 16.8% lower for sample WG, 13.2% lower for BG, and 7.1% lower for GG. Water absorption increased as bulk density decreased. The WG sample achieved the highest water absorption value, 15.84%. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of calcite, portlandite, and tobermorite phases. Depending on the silica aggregate used, there were differences in phase composition linked to compressive strength. Hydrated calcium silicates with varying crystallisation degrees were visible in the microstructure image.

The cement industry is one of the most developed industries in the world. However, it consumes excessive amounts of natural resources and can negatively impact the environment through its by-products: carbon dioxide (CO2), cement clinker dust (CKD) and cement bypass dust (CBPD). The amount of dust generated in the cement clinker production process depends largely on the technology used. It typically ranges from 0 to 25% by weight of the clinker, and a single cement plant is capable of producing 1000 tons of CBPD per day. Despite practical applications in many areas, such as soil stabilisation, concrete mix production, chemical processing or ceramic and brick production, the dust is still stored in heaps. This poses an environmental challenge, so new ways of managing it are being sought. Due to the significant content of free lime (>30%) in CBPD, this paper uses cement bypass dust as a binder replacement in autoclaved silica–lime products. Indeed, the basic composition of silicate bricks includes 92% sand, 8% lime and water. The investigation shows that it is possible to completely replace the binder with CBPD dust in the autoclaved products. The obtained results showed that all properties of produced bricks were satisfactory. The study concluded that many benefits could be achieved by using cement bypass dust in the production of bricks, including economic bricks for building, reducing the dependency on natural resources, reducing pollution and reducing negative impacts on the environment.

StreszczenieWprowadzenie. Endoprotezoplastyka ma na celu poprawę funkcji stawu i zmniejszenie bólu. Jest obecnie uznawana za skuteczną formę leczenia, która przynosi wiele korzyści. Przy próbie oceny powrotu pacjentów do sprawności ruchowej po alloplastyce stawu biodrowego zwrócono uwagę na stopień odczuwanego bólu przed zabiegiem i po nim, trudności w codziennych czynnościach i problemy w życiu zawodowym. Badania wykazały, że respondenci przed zabiegiem najczęściej odczuwali silny ból. Po operacji ankietowani sporadycznie, niezależnie od płci i wieku, odczuwali dolegliwości bólowe, które nie ograniczały ich w codziennym funkcjonowaniu.Cel pracy. Przybliżenie tematyki endoprotezoplastyki stawu biodrowego i ocena sprawności ruchowej pacjentów po wszczepieniu endoprotezy stawu biodrowego. Materiał i metody.Badania zostały przeprowadzone wśród pacjentów po całkowitej wymianie stawu biodrowego. Badani to grupa 120 osób, w której znajdowało się 76 kobiet (63,3%) i 44 mężczyzn (36,7%) korzystających ze specjalistycznej Poradni Rehabilitacyjnej Karłowickiego Centrum Medycznego "KAR-MED" we Wrocławiu od lutego do grudnia 2013 r.Wyniki. U pacjentów, u których wykonano endoprotezoplastykę, nastąpiła znacząca poprawa stanu funkcjonalnego oraz zmniejszenie odczuwanego bólu. Ten korzystny trend został stwierdzony we wszystkich dziedzinach życia uwzględnionych w badaniach przeprowadzonych przez autorów pracy.Wnioski. Zabieg wszczepienia endoprotezy spowodował istotne statystycznie zmniejszenie liczby pacjentów z ograniczoną sprawnością chodzenia (o 28,4%), a także odczuwających ból biodra, pośladka, uda (o 20,9%). Po operacji odsetek pacjentów, u których zastosowano rehabilitację, wzrósł z 57,5% do 95%. Odsetek pacjentów z bólem bardzo silnym zmalał z 19,2% do 0,8%, a z bólem silnym z 47,5% do 8,3%. W wyniku endoprotezoplastyki stopień trudności w wykonywaniu wszystkich analizowanych czynności istotnie się zmniejszył (p < 0,0001). Przed zabiegiem leczeniu rehabilitacyjnemu poddawało się 21,7% badanych, natomiast po operacji na rehabilitację uczęszczało aż 75,9% badanych.Słowa kluczowe: choroba zwyrodnieniowa, endoprotezoplastyka, sprawność fizyczna AbstractBackground. Endoprosthetics is aimed to improve the joint function and provide pain relief. It is now recognized as an effective and advantageous form of treatment. What was taken into consideration while assessing the patients' recovery of their full mobility after hip arthroplasty was the degree of pain perceived before and after the treatment, difficulties in daily activities and problems in professional life. According to the results, in most cases, the surveyed patients felt severe pain before the procedure. After the operation, the respondents, regardless of their gender or age, occasionally complained of pain, still it did not hamper their daily functioning.