Background. Old age is a particular time in which people experience plenty of changes -both progressive and regressive. Their social and economic position is changing, and human beings are confronted with a lot of difficult situations, such as the death of a spouse, illness, retirement -which particularly require them to apply a proper strategy of coping with stress. Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the demographic factors and strategies of coping with stress used by elderly people. Material and methods. The study was carried out on a group of 296 residents of Szczecin who are over 60 years old. It was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey with the use of the Inventory to Measure coping Strategies with Stress -Mini-cOPE, as well as an original questionnaire form. The statistical analysis was conducted by means of SPSS Statistics 21.0 (p ≤ 0.05). Results. The results have proven the existence of a relationship between the strategies of coping with stress used by individuals over 60 and factors such as gender, level of education, economic status and financial situation. Conclusions. When coping with stress, men and women apply different strategies. In case of individuals over 60, the higher level of education and financial status they declare, the more eager they are to use active strategies of coping with stress. Seniors with a lower level of education and lower economic status have more trouble adapting to difficult situations. They have problems with taking the initiative and actively dealing with stressful events. They also more often use psychoactive substances as part of their coping mechanism. Key words: strategies of coping with stress, elderly people, demographic factors, economic status.
StreszczenieZjawisko odurzania się lekami dostępnymi bez recepty (over-the-counter -OTC) przez młodzież jest problemem obecnym zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie. Popularne leki przeciwbólowe, na przeziębienie i przeciwhistaminowe zawierają substancje psychoaktywne, takie jak dekstrometorfan (DXM), pseudoefedryna/efedryna, kodeina (metylomorfina), dimenhydrynat, paracetamol (acetaminofen) i inne. Opisywane są przypadki uzależnienia od dekstrometorfanu, który jest jedną z substancji czynnych leków np. na przeziębienie. Przytoczone przez autorów wyniki badań wskazują jednoznacznie, że używanie leków OTC, którymi obrót nie podlega kontroli, dotyczy głównie płci żeńskiej. Poziom używania leków nieprzepisanych przez lekarza utrzymuje się od wielu lat na stałym poziomie. Najczęściej zatrucia lekami OTC są spowodowane preparatami z grupy tych, które wpływają na układ oddechowy lub działają przeciwbólowo czy przeciwgorączkowo. Wykorzystywane są one również w próbach samobójczych, głównie przez osoby płci żeńskiej. Analiza zatruć lekami OTC ujawniła ich sezonowość -ich liczba wzrasta w okresie wiosenno-letnim. Zauważalne jest zróżnicowane terytorialne, z przewagą terenów południowych, ilości sprzedawanych leków tego typu. Odurzanie się substancjami psychoaktywnymi powoduje pogorszenie relacji między młodymi ludźmi. W analizowanych badaniach brakuje szczegółowych informacji dotyczą-cych składu analizowanych leków dostępnych bez recepty. Ponadto młodzież ma dostęp do grzybów mogących mieć działanie halucynogenne, rosnących w lasach i na łąkach, a także sprzedawanych w sklepach zielarskich i Internecie. Med. Pr. 2017;68(3):413-422 Słowa kluczowe: młodzież, grzyby, dekstrometorfan, pseudoefedryna, nadużywanie leków, zatrucie AbstractThe phenomenon of stupefying by the use of available over-the-counter drugs (OTC) among adolescents is an essential problem in both Poland and throughout the world. Popular analgesics, cold medicine and antihistamines contain psychedelic substances, such as dextromethorphan (DXM), pseudoephedrine/ephedrine, codeine (methylmorphine), dimenhydrinate, paracetamol (acetaminophren) and others. Cases of fatal addiction to dextromethorphan, one of the active substances contained in medicines, e.g., the common cold, have been reported. The test results cited by the authors clearly indicate that the use of OTC drugs, whose turnover is not controlled is a domain of females. The extent of use of drugs not prescribed by a doctor has remained for many years at a constant level. The most common poisonings with OTC drugs are caused by those that affect the respiratory system or exert analgesic or antipyretic effects. They are also used in attempted suicides, especially among females. Analyzing poisonings caused by OTC medications their seasonality has been observed. Their number increases during spring-autumn. A territorial differentiation in areas of OTC drug trade in terms of their quantities, with the predominance of southern regions is also noted. Intoxication with psychoactive substances causes the dete...
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