This review article contains a concise consideration of genetic and environmental risk factors for colorectal cancer. Known risk factors associated with colorectal cancer include familial and hereditary factors and lifestyle-related and ecological factors. Lifestyle factors are significant because of the potential for improving our understanding of the disease. Physical inactivity, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption can also be addressed through therapeutic interventions. We also made efforts to systematize available literature and data on epidemiology, diagnosis, type and nature of symptoms and disease stages. Further study of colorectal cancer and progress made globally is crucial to inform future strategies in controlling the disease’s burden through population-based preventative initiatives.

The aim of current systematic review was to update the body of evidence on associations between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and risk of cancer mortality, site-specific cancer in the general population; all-cause, and cancer mortality as well as cancer reoccurrence among cancer survivors. Methods A literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case-control and cohort studies published up to April 2020 was performed using PubMed and Scopus. Study-specific risk estimates for the highest versus lowest adherence to the MedDiet category were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Certainty of evidence from cohort studies and RCTs was evaluated using the NutriGrade scoring system. Results The updated search revealed 44 studies not identified in the previous review. Altogether, 117 studies including 3,202,496 participants were enclosed for meta-analysis. The highest adherence to MedDiet was inversely associated with cancer mortality (RR cohort : 0.87, 95% CI 0.82, 0.92; N = 18 studies), all-cause mortality among cancer survivors (RR cohort :

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) has been shown to reduce symptoms among adult patients and children with irritable bowel syndrome. There are no studies investigating the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain (FAP). <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in reducing gastrointestinal symptoms in children with FAP in comparison to the control diet based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines<b>.</b> <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-seven children with diagnosed FAP were randomized to 2 groups. Each group received an intervention: the low FODMAP diet or the diet based on NICE. All food was prepared and delivered by a catering company. Data regarding gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded by participants during the 2-week baseline assessment and 4-week dietary intervention. The frequencies of abdominal pain and stools were reported as a number of events per day. The severity of abdominal pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. The assessment of stool consistency was based on the Bristol Stool Form Scale. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The tendency toward the improvement in abdominal symptoms was noted in the low FODMAP group but without statistical significance. No significant differences in stool consistency were observed in this group. The NICE group experienced significant reduction in abdominal pain intensity and frequency (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) and improvement in stool consistency (93% reporting normal stool, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results of this pilot study suggest that the low FODMAP diet is not effective in the reduction of symptoms in children with FAP.

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The influence of individual lifestyle factors is widely described in studies on semen quality. However, their synergistic effect is often neglected. The aim of the study was to examine the association between semen quality and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, physical activity (PA), and the two separately and in combination. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 207 men aged 20-55. Dietary data were collected by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and analysed according to the DASH scoring index. Physical activity was evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Semen parameters were assessed via the computer-aided semen analysis (CASA). Adherence to the DASH diet was associated with higher sperm count (∆ T3-T1 = 82.1 mln/ej) and concentration (∆ T3-T1 = 24.6 mln/mL). Higher PA was related to higher sperm count (∆ T3-T1 = 69.4 mln/ej), total (∆ T3-T1 = 11.9%), and progressive motility (∆ T3-T1 = 8.5%) and morphology (∆ T3-T1 = 2.8%) in the crude model and remained significant after adjustment. The combination of the DASH diet and PA, was significantly positively associated with sperm count (∆ T3-T1 = 98.1 mln/ej), sperm concentration (∆ T3-T1 = 17.5 mln/mL), total (∆ T3-T1 = 11.8%), and progressive motility (∆ T3-T1 = 10.0%) and morphology (∆ T3-T1 = 3.3%) in both models. Adherence to the DASH diet was related to higher sperm count and concentration, whereas after its combination with physical activity it was also positively correlated with sperm motility and morphology.Most of the epidemiological studies have assessed the effects of single foods, nutrients and other lifestyle factors on semen parameters [6-9], whereas their synergistic effect is neglected. Some lifestyle behaviours co-occur together and in combination are more beneficial to health than their cumulative individual effect. Moreover, interventions aimed at multiple-behaviour change may have a potentially greater impact on health than interventions based on a single risk factor [10].The easiest modifiable lifestyle factors, with the important impact on semen quality, are diet and physical activity. The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is one of the most well-known dietary strategies, and its effect is often linked with prevention and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease [11]. Moreover, its effects were studied in the context of other diseases [12], including semen quality [13]. The DASH diet can be adapted to any variance in regional diet, which can make lifestyle-related health factors grow more sustainable [14]. The DASH diet reflects a healthy eating pattern holistically, promoting food such as food sources of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and limiting food high in saturated fats, sugar, and sodium. Previous research has indicated that this dietary pattern may be important to maintain proper semen quality [6,13].Physical activity is one of the health promoting lifestyle factors. However, earlier studies describing a link between physica...