Many countries have recently seen rapid growth in tourism which is perceived as an engine for economic growth and social development. On the other hand, many countries have been faced with problems of att racti ng and retaining well-qualifi ed employees, as many graduates do not enter the tourism industry on graduati on. This study aims to determine the atti tudes of Tourism and Hospitality (T&H) students towards the problem of seasonality in tourism employment and how it relates to students' employment aspirati ons. The research was conducted among students of higher educati onal insti tuti ons (HEI) located in Northern Poland (Southern Balti c Sea Region). A survey instrument was applied and 171 usable questi onnaires were retrieved and analyzed in this study. Students' percepti ons of tourism seasonality seem to be more positi ve than negati ve and it may relate to their working intenti ons on graduati on. Additi onally, students who declared their seasonal working experience referred to tourism seasonality more positi vely. This study makes useful contributi ons to the existi ng knowledge and management literature by showing that the ability to identi fy negati ve aspects of future career development, such as tourism seasonality, and the ability to manage it eff ecti vely, may have a positi ve impact on employment percepti on in the view of a future workforce.

Cruise ships are unfortunately at the infamous forefront of the means of maritime transport emitting the largest amounts of harmful substances into the atmosphere and aquatic environment. At the initiative of IMO and the European Union, formal restrictions were introduced regarding the level of harmful emissions on the high seas and in ports generated by seagoing vessels. To meet these challenges, shipowners have invested in various technological solutions on their ships to reduce the number of harmful emissions, and by ordering new vessels; they promote the use of pro-ecological solutions related to energy saving and eliminate environmental harm. However, despite the actions taken by shipowners, seaports unfortunately lag behind the challenges and expectations of the market and are still not prepared, for example, to power the ships moored in ports with shore-side energy to reduce the environmental pollution when the ships are at berth. The aim of this paper is to identify actions taken by seaport authorities to prepare electricity infrastructure in seaports to power vessels with energy from the land. Key legal restrictions concerning reduction in pollutions emitted from ships in the ports are also described and analyzed. The results of the study also show the approach of seaports to the issue of Onshore Energy Supply for cruise ships. The research was conducted among the selected ports in the Baltic Sea Region where cruise ships are accepted. The following research questions were formulated: (1) What legal regulations oblige seaports and shipowners to reduce the level of pollutions emitted into the environment? (2) Do the ports use a benchmark to assess the level of harmful emissions when defining the amount of port fees for cruise shipowners? (3) How are cruise ships powered in the port? (4) What investments are planned in the port regarding the infrastructure related to the diversification of shore-side electricity for the ships? The studies were conducted by using a few research methods, i.e., the desk research method, the exploration method, and the CAWI Computer Assisted Web Interview. The results of this research can provide an interesting source of information both for cruise ship owners and cruise seaport authorities, but also potentially for shipyards where new vessels are constructed.

Problem statement: Generation Y has reached a point where the majority of them have begun to make critical choices in regards to their careers. Preferences of this generation are incompatible with the current conditions that accompany work at sea. In the global seafarers labor market the number of officers from Europe steadily decreases. Nevertheless, Polish maritime universities (both public and private) receive hundreds of applications from candidates that are planning to become marine navigators or marine mechanics, even though the Polish merchant fleet consists of only a few dozen ships sailing under foreign flags.Purpose of study: Firstly -To investigate the factors that influence career choices of students from Polish maritime universities. Secondly -To illustrate the scope of the students' knowledge in regards to the reality of the maritime labor market, seafarers work, and their living conditions. Finally an assessment to decipher the real motivator behind their career choice and their own analysis of possible future work. Method: A survey containing questions from three areas was used: (i) factors influencing choice of study, (ii) knowledge of the maritime labor market, (iii) Personal background of survey participants. The questionnaires were filled out by the students of the Gdynia Maritime University: Faculty of Navigation (222 persons) and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (154 people).Findings and results: Most of the students declared that their choice of study was made independent of outside influence. However, it turned out that almost all of them have people who work at sea in their circle of family or friends. Students frequently got an idea of future job prospects by observing the careers of those around them (relatives or peers). The biggest motivator for this career path was high earnings while the biggest disadvantage was separation from loved ones.

Purpose – In the Baltic Sea basin a particularly serious barrier to the development of coastal tourism is its seasonality. Its consequence is a lack of opportunities for sustainable development, which leads to imbalance in terms of local economy, the environment and social inequalities and tensions. The objective of this paper is to present the possible methods of overcoming negative effects of seasonality in the Polish coastal regions, especially in the Pomorskie Voivodship. Methodology – The study used a number of analytical methods based on sources obtained through desk research: the critical analysis of materials from the subject’s literature, statistical reports and an analysis of official documents, normative acts and regional strategies. The empirical part, presented in the form of a case study, was developed on the basis of results of expert interviews, including IDI representative of the regional tourist organization. Findings – Infrastructure used by the coastal tourism sector and the previous offer and practice of coastal tourism on the Polish coast have created mass tourism with neutral price elasticity of demand. Such a character of demand eliminates the effectiveness of some marketing tools. Contribution – Critical analysis of documents from the EU to the local levels of governance of coastal tourism has shown that there is a gap in this linkage of documents. There are not any strategies or plans at the national level dedicated to coastal tourism. This means that the framework of activity set at the supranational level is not effectively used by Poland. Local solutions without national government support may not generate the expected results.

Maritime transport is an essential element of economic expansion. The fleet under the national flag enables the diversification of supply routes, and creates opportunities for the development of new areas of economic activity based on sea resources. Despite these obvious advantages the fleet registered under the EU flags is getting smaller. The aim of the article is: (1) an analysis of the importance of national fleets for the EU economy and reasons for the fleet reduction in the national registers, (2) assessment of the effects of the admissible state aid to maritime transport in the EU, (3) identification of factors positively affecting the potential of national fleets. The research was carried out using a critical analysis of literature and an econometric model with many variables explaining the phenomenon using the classical least squares method. The research results indicate that the use of protectionist policy tools does not bring the expected results, and the impact of market factors is more visibly reflected in the size of the fleets registered under the national flags than in the state aid.