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Pickling is one of the methods for preserving food. However, this term may refer to both types of products, that is, to those subjected to lactic acid fermentation and to marinated ones (acidified) that are usually produced by the addition of acetic acid. Various raw materials are subjected to lactic acid fermentation (vegetable and animal origin), which yields food products with high nutritional and dietary value. In many regions of the world, the process of lactic fermentation is also traditionally used to preserve fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms. Mushrooms are appreciated for their organoleptic qualities as well as the presence of many different bioactive substances exhibiting healing and health‐promoting properties. This article reviews the literature related to the use of lactic fermentation in the process of mushroom preservation. Particular attention has been paid to the aspects of the technological process and its impact on the quality and suitability of the final products. Moreover, research results concerning the influence of lactic fermentation on chemical and physical changes in fruiting bodies of edible fungi are also presented.

This paper explores the ability of strains to release sequences of short biologically active peptides (containing 2-10 amino acid residues) from casein. The proteolytic enzymes of the tested strains exhibit different patterns of cleavage of CN fractions. The modification of κ-casein (κ-CN) with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid inhibits the proteolytic activity of strains 141 and the reference strain (DSMZ 20075), while the modification with phosphothreonine inhibits enzymes of all the tested bacteria. The peptide sequencing analysis indicated that the examined strains produced functional peptides very efficiently. κ-CN proved to be the main source of short peptides released by bacterial enzymes, and the hydrolysis of κ-CN yielded eighty-two bioactive peptides. The hydrolysis of α-casein, α-casein, and β-casein yielded six, two, and one short-chain bioactive peptides, respectively. The isolated bioactive peptides exhibited antioxidative, opioid, stimulating, hypotensive, immunomodulating, antibacterial, and antithrombotic activities. A vast majority of the isolated bioactive peptides caused inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The role of hydrolysis products as neuropeptides is also pointed out. The highest number of cleavage sites in κ-casein and functional activities of short-chain peptides were obtained in hydrolyzates produced by strain T105.

Background. The intake of fermented milk products, especially yoghurts, has been systematically increasing for a few decades. The purpose of this work was to obtain milk products fermented with a mix of bacterial cultures (yoghurt bacteria and Lactobacillus acidophillus LA-5) and enriched with selected milk protein preparations. Secondly, the aim of the work was to determine physiochemical and rheological properties of the obtained products. Material and methods. The following additives were applied in the experiment: whey protein concentrate (WPC 65), whey protein isolate (WPI), demineralised whey powder (SPD), caseinoglycomacropeptide (CGMP), α-lactalbumin (α-la), sodium caseinate (KNa) and calcium caseinate (KCa). Milk was fermented using probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophillus LA-5 and a typical yoghurt culture. The products were analysed in terms of the survivability of bacterial cells during refrigerated storage, rheological properties and syneresis. Fermented milk products were obtained using blends of bacterial strains: ST-B01:Lb-12 (1:1), ST-B01:Lb-12:LA-5 (1:1:2). Results. Milk beverages fermented with typical yoghurt bacteria and LA-5 strain showed intensive syneresis. The addition of LA-5 strain caused formation of harder acid gels, comparing to typical yoghurts. Milk products which were prepared from skimmed milk possessed higher values of hardness and consistency coeffi cient. The increase of concentrations of milk preparations (except of WPI) did not cause signifi cant diff erences in the hardness of acidic gels obtained by fermentation of mixed culture with a probiotic strain. Conclusion. The applied preparations improved physiochemical properties of the milk beverages which were prepared with a probiotic strain. The increase of protein milk preparations concentration resulted in a gradual decrease of the secreted whey. Among the products that were made of full milk powder and were subjected to three weeks of refrigerated storage the highest survivability of Lb. acidophilus LA-5 was noticed in the samples fortifi ed with 1% WPC.

The aim of the study was to assess changes in the basic quality parameters induced by controlled lactic fermentation of fruiting bodies of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v with documented probiotic properties and L. plantarum EK3, i.e., an isolate obtained from spontaneously fermented button mushrooms, were used as starter strains. The fruiting bodies of fresh, blanched, and fermented mushrooms were analyzed at different stages of the lactic fermentation process. The content of free sugars (high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detector method; HPLC-CAD) and organic acids (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector method; HPLC-DAD) was determined both in the mushroom fruiting bodies and in the brine. Five free sugars (ribose, trehalose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose), mannitol, and six organic acids (lactic, malic, succinic, citric, acetic, and fumaric acids) were detected in the samples. Lactic acid dominated in the final products. The starter cultures exhibited varying degrees of utilization of available mushroom sugars and sucrose used as an additional substrate. Sucrose was utilized at a higher rate and in greater amounts by the L. plantarum EK3 isolate. This starter culture was characterized by a significantly higher final amount of produced lactic acid, a lower pH value, and higher numbers of LAB (lactic acid bacteria). These important quality parameters largely determine the stability of fermented products. Based on the analysis results and the high scores in the organoleptic evaluation of the fermented mushrooms, the L. plantarum EK3 isolate can be recommended as an appropriate starter culture for lactic fermentation of mushroom fruiting bodies.