In order to achieve the goal of completing a marathon run, athletes who make this effort are on the verge of their endurance. The marathon run is a serious challenge for many regulatory and homeostasis systems. During exercise, dehydration, hyperthermia and the synergistic effect of both stressors occur, reduce the stroke volume of the heart and thus blood flow to the muscles, skin and brain. Such intense effort releases markers of heart damage. Their presence is influenced by many factors. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge regarding to effect of intensive physical activity on heart muscle functioning and biochemical response during this type of response. This type of revive could lead to better understanding of this process and propose protective methods during this type of response.

Regular physical activity and exercise have many beneficial effects for physical and mental health in almost every population. Regular exercises may induce reduction of age-related lean body mass loss and decrease risk of bone fractures. Furthermore it has been observed that regular physical activity may reduce the risk for several chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, and depression. Exercise, however, especially in elderly populations are not done very often. This is due to the lack of awareness of their beneficial effect and the lack of ideas for such type of activity. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge regarding to role and effects of physical exercises on muscle functioning and coordination specially during aging. Before a final recommendation can be made with respect to the possible therapeutically role of physical training in aged people, there is a substantial need for further studies to be performed on this topic.

Physical activity, recreational sports as well as competitive sports effect the human body and cause uprising a physiological reaction of a body system. Changes that occur activity are mainly connected to the body homeostasis restoration. Observation of physiological reaction of body are very important tool that allows to analyze the preparation of the human body for carrying out activities. The large number of physiological changes have a short-term nature, but on the other hand some of them will last for a longer time effecting body's functioning. The aim of this work was to show the basic physiological reactions of a human body as a easy tool for physical activity observation. Understanding of such reactions can be a useful tool in recreation and physical training.

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, which results in the release of muscle cell components into the peripheral circulation. Most cases of rhabdomyolysis are the result of trauma, often a consequence of seizures, alcohol and drug abuse but in some cases it is associated with very intensive physical activity. Proper understanding of muscle rhabdomyolysis can contribute to better preparation of sportsman for the intensive physical activity and to protect his body from episodes of extensive muscle breakdown and prevent their occurrence.            This article is an attempted to summarize and show medical and biochemical basics of muscle rhabdomyolysis with a special attention to the episodes that occurs during physical activity. It may help in prevention of such cases in the future and protects the body of a sportsmen.

Exercise affects serum levels of amino acids and their metabolites, with important metabolic consequences. Since vitamin D impacts skeletal muscle protein degradation, we hypothesised that it would also impact exercise-induced changes in serum amino acid levels and the serum levels of arginine metabolites, influencing the body’s ability to synthesise NO. Accordingly, we analysed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the serum levels of various amino acids in ultramarathon runners. Thirty-five male amateur runners were assigned to the supplemented group, administered 150,000 IU vitamin D in vegetable oil 24 h before the run (n = 16), or the control (placebo) group (n = 19). Blood was sampled 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Changes in the serum levels of some amino acids were distinct in the two groups. The asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels were significantly decreased immediately after the run and increased 24 h later and were not affected by the supplementation. The symmetric dimethyl arginine levels were increased after the run in both groups but were lower in the supplemented group than in the placebo group 24 h after the run. The dimethylamine levels increased significantly in the supplemented group as compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, vitamin D impacts exercise-induced changes in serum amino acids and methylated arginine metabolites.