The ice surface softening during friction is shown as a result of spontaneous appearance of shear strain caused by external supercritical heating. This transformation is described by the Kelvin-Voigt equation for viscoelastic medium, by the relaxation equations of Landau-Khalatnikov-type and for heat conductivity. The study reveals that the above-named equations formally coincide with the synergetic Lorenz system, where the order parameter is reduced to shear strain, stress acts as the conjugate field, and temperature plays the role of a control parameter. Using the adiabatic approximation, the stationary values of these quantities are derived. The examination of dependence of the relaxed shear modulus on strain explains the ice surface softening according to the first-order transition mechanism. The critical heating rate is proportional to the relaxed value of the ice shear modulus and inversely proportional to its typical value.

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The article is devoted to the origin of the Odessa myth. Odessa is compared with little Paris, with Italy. Sometimes it is called South Palmyra. The city is known far beyond the borders of Ukraine. Is Odessa really a beautiful Palmyra? The origin of the “Odessa myth” coincides with the foundation of the city and then distills the city itself in the speed of development. The rumor about the city is spread in Chumak songs about how to live freely in the city or whether this is the foundation of the judgment that Odessa is a liberal city. One of the most striking literary images of Odessa was created by A.S. Pushkin, but by no means the only one. The article provides unpublished or inaccessible texts of the first half of the XIX century about Odessa. In the memoirs of travelers noted the “otherness” and “feature” of Odessa. At the same time, they describe completely ordinary things, such as citizens, places, and dust in the streets. Fragments of rare texts by I. Dolgoruky, K. Batyushkov, N. Chizhov, M. Rosberg, E. Gan-Fadeev, O. Chizhevich, A. Deribas are given.