Polyorchidism is rare and is generally found during evaluation for other conditions such as inguinal hernia, undescended testis and testicular torsion. Cryptorchidism appears to be the most important risk factor for malignancy in patients with supernumerary testes. Thus, patients with nonscrotal supernumerary testes require appropriate counseling. The supernumerary testis is frequently drained by a vas deferens, implying a probable reproductive function. Decision for surgery, biopsy or orchiectomy should be based on concomitant symptoms, cryptorchidism or suspected malignancy. We provide a guideline for management based on a functional classification of polyorchidism.

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Objective• To test the clinical and sonographic predictors of testicular torsion (TT) with the aim of reducing negative exploration rates. Patients and Methods• We performed a prospective study of all boys treated for 'acute scrotum' at our institute between January 2001 and April 2012 and clinical findings were documented.• If available, ultrasonography (US) was added to the diagnostic evaluation.• A prediction of the diagnosis was based on clinical and sonographic features, and was followed by surgical exploration in all patients. Results• A total of 104 patients were included in the 16-month period of the study.• No single finding excluded TT. The clinical features (pain <24 h, nausea/vomiting, abnormal cremasteric reflex, high position of the testis) appeared predictive (100% sensitivity) and the clinical scoring system was proven to be reliable, reducing the negative exploration rate by >55%.• Ultrasound predictors alone were not able to identify all boys with TT. Conclusions• It is safe to refrain from routine surgical exploration in every child with acute scrotum if the clinical score is applied, which results in a marked reduction of negative explorations.• A reliable diagnosis could not be obtained based on US alone. As scrotal US is unpleasant for the child, we propose to refrain from this if the clinical score is positive. Patients with a negative clinical score are suitable candidates for US to establish and secure diagnosis.