This theoretical paper proposes that some stigmas, once removed, can continue to incite prejudice toward the formerly marked ("stickiness"), essentially restigmatizing individuals and continuing the stressful experience of being a "dirty person" in others' eyes. The authors focus on dirty work roles (e.g., morticians, exotic dancers) as prototypes of sticky marks that can lead to continued devaluation and, due to legitimizing myths about work, may be especially vulnerable to it. The authors argue that stickiness results from internal attributions made by others about dirty work and is influenced by visibility, onset- and offset-controllability, taint, tenure, and how the work ended. The authors conclude with an analysis of how stickiness might affect vocational patterns of former dirty workers.

Language is an important marker of identity. Guided by social identity theory and using a grounded theory approach, this study examined how languages are chosen and shape experiences in the workplace. Results suggest that language use is influenced by both external (norms, business needs) and internal (identity, language comfort) processes. Furthermore, speaking Spanish in the workplace has both positive (inclusion, camaraderie) and negative effects (exclusion, harassment, discrimination), with many more negative effects reported by our participants. Speaking Spanish appears to mark the speaker as an outsider. Together, our results indicate that language use is an important choice, personally and professionally, for employees and plays an important role in the way individuals are treated in the workplace.

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