The presence and persistence of enteric viruses in sewage contaminated seawater is an important public health concern for bathing, surfing and shellfishing. In an effort to find suitable indicators of enteric viruses in seawater, we compared the survival of two groups of enteric bacteriophages, F-specific coliphages (FRNA phages) and somatic Salmonella bacteriophages (SS phages), to the survival of two human enteric viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), in coastal seawater from three geographic areas (So. California, Hawaii, and North Carolina) at 20°C. Concentrations of all four viruses decreased over 30 days from their initial titers and there was little difference in the survival of a particular virus among the three seawaters. However, the extent of reduction varied among the four viruses. Survival was greater for the SS phages than for any of the other viruses, with an estimated 4 log10 reduction time of about 10 weeks. FRNA phages and PV-1 were inactivated rapidly, with 4 log10 reductions in ~ 1 week. HAV reductions were intermediate between SS phages and FRNA phages, with 4 log10 reductions in about 4 weeks. The observed differences in virus survival suggest that SS phages are more persistent in seawater than other viruses and hence may be good indicators for enteric viruses in seawater.

IntroductionHand hygiene is an effective, low-cost intervention that prevents the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Despite mandatory education and reminders, compliance by physicians in our hospital remained stubbornly low. Our objective was to study whether surveillance by our unit coordinator (secretary) paired with regular feedback to chiefs of service would increase physician hand hygiene compliance in the ICU.MethodThe ICU unit coordinator was trained to observe and measure hand hygiene compliance. Data were collected on hand hygiene compliance at room entry and exit for 9 months. Percentage compliance for each medical and surgical subspecialty was reported to chiefs of service at the end of each month. Comparative rankings by service were widely distributed throughout the physician organization and the medical center.ResultsThe hand hygiene compliance rate among physicians increased from 65.1 % to 91.6 % during the study period (p <0.0001). More importantly in the succeeding 24 months after study completion, physician hand hygiene compliance remained >90 % in every month.ConclusionsPhysician hand hygiene compliance increased as a consequence of the surveillance conducted by a full-time ICU team member, leading to a highly significant increase in the number of observations. In turn, this allowed for specific comparative monthly feedback to individual chiefs of service. Over the next 2 years after the study ended, these gains were sustained, suggesting an enduring culture change in physician behavior.

The phrase, "the college experience" is widely used by those anticipating college enrollment yet holds diverse meanings. For some, it means living in residence halls, participation in student organizations, or an intramural team, or perhaps studying for examinations, or participating in group projects or undergraduate research. Students are less likely to think of working for pay on campus as part of the college experience even though that experience is far more pervasive than any of those that were previously mentioned. According to a study conducted by the American Council on Education, approximately 70% of college students worked while enrolled in college (Carnevale, Smith, Melton, & Price, 2015). With college costs rising at a rate that is more than three times the rate of inflation over the past decade and projected to continue to rise, it is unlikely that this number will diminish any time soon (Caplinger, 2018).Despite the large percentage of students impacted by employment in college, the effects of this experience are not well understood. Riggert, Boyle, Petrosko, Ash, and Rude-Parkins (2006) write, "College student employment is pervasive and is becoming increasingly important. Yet the professional literature revealed a complex, and at times contradictory empirical puzzle regarding the impact of employment on the student' s higher education experience" (p. 65). Additionally, research focuses most often on the potential negative impacts of employment in college. Studies which look at positive gains from one' s experience in employment are much less common.On the negative impact side, research established that higher numbers of hours a student works can often negatively impact academic

All too frequently, leadership educators are positioned to teach from culturally sensitive and inclusivity‐minded perspectives, yet rarely are they prepared to do so effectively. This exploration of culturally relevant leadership pedagogy begins by offering a broad literature base to understand culturally relevant pedagogy from a range of diverse scholars. Drawing from the Culturally Relevant Leadership Learning framework (Bertrand Jones, Guthrie, & Osteen, 2016), we synthesize recommendations into key considerations for leadership educators. Finally, we conclude with the case of Anytown—an example of culturally relevant leadership pedagogy in action beyond the classroom.