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Compared to normal controls, individuals with Crohn's Disease manifest an increased prevalence of anxiety, depression and panic disorder occurring at any time in their life. Only panic disorder had an excess prevalence in Crohn's disease relative to community dwelling normals prior to the time of disease onset. Individuals with ulcerative colitis did not demonstrate an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder before or after disease onset. The results suggest that there is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder in patients with Crohn's Disease relative to the normal population and that a small but significant percentage of individuals with Crohn's Disease may have a psychiatric disturbance which predates their medical illness.

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VIDENCE accumulated during the past two decades E suggests that cognitive and behavioral disturbances may presage alcoholism. The findings implicating psychological disturbances are based on investigations of children followed into adulthood who subsequently developed alcoholism, alcoholics' retrospective descriptions of their behavior during childhood and adolescence, children at high risk for becoming alcoholic, twins discordant for drinking behavior, and adolescents who present prodromal indication of problem drinking. To date, the research effort has focused primarily on males, therefore, this discussion will be confined to the psychological literature pertinent to the risk for alcoholism in men.The ensuing discussion examines the psychological factors implicated to be associated with the risk for alcoholism. Although it will be noted that the findings are generally in agreement among the various studies, it must be emphasized that systematic empirical inquiry has only recently been initiated. Consequently, the results should be viewed as tentative and still in need of verification. The dearth of investigations notwithstanding, the study of psychological processes with respect to elucidating the characteristics of alcoholism vulnerability holds promise for clarifying the etiological determinants of alcoholism, as well as for developing more effective and efficient techniques for prevention and treatment intervention. HIGH RISK PARADIGMSons of alcoholics are at approximately fourfold risk, compared to the male offspring of nonalcoholics, to develop alcoholism. ' Contrasting the sons of alcoholics and nonalcoholics is, therefore, a useful strategy for revealing the characteristics that may be associated with alcoholism vulnerability. Employing the high risk paradigm, it has been found, for example, that sons of alcoholics can be discriminated from the sons of nonalcoholics on neurophysiologica12. and bi~chemical~-~ measures. There is also preliminary evidence illustrating that during ine-