A variety of changes are facing leaders in academic pharmacy. Servant and transformational leadership have attributes that provide guidance and inspiration through these changes. Servant leadership focuses on supporting and developing the individuals within an institution, while transformational leadership focuses on inspiring followers to work towards a common goal. This article discusses these leadership styles and how they may both be ideal for leaders in academic pharmacy.

Objective. To evaluate the success of a teaching certificate program by qualitatively evaluating the content and extent of participants' reflections. Methods. Two investigators independently identified themes within midpoint and final reflection essays across six program years. Each essay was evaluated to determine the extent of reflection in prompted teaching-related topic areas (strengths, weaknesses, assessment, feedback). Results. Twenty-eight themes were identified within 132 essays. Common themes encompassed content delivery, student assessment, personal successes, and challenges encountered. Deep reflection was exhibited, with 48% of essays achieving the highest level of critical reflection. Extent of reflection trended higher from midpoint to final essays, with significant increases in the strengths and feedback areas. Conclusion. The teaching certificate program fostered critical reflection and self-reported positive behavior change in teaching, thus providing a high-quality professional development opportunity. Such programs should strongly consider emphasizing critical reflection through required reflective exercises at multiple points within program curricula.

The 12th Street Health and Wellness Center is an interprofessional, student-led, community-based clinic. Students from all University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences colleges work together to provide healthcare services for residents of an underserved community. Interprofessional student teams assess patients and present to an interprofessional preceptor team. At the conclusion of clinic, teams reflect on their experience. The objective of this study is to generate key themes from the end of clinic reflections to describe learning outcomes in an interprofessional practice environment. Student teams were asked to reflect on what they learned about patient care and interprofessional practice while volunteering at the clinic. Three hundred eighty reflection statements were assessed using the constant comparative approach with open coding by three researchers who identified and categorised themes by selecting key phrases from reflections. Eight themes emerged from this process which illuminated students' self-perceived development during practice-based learning and interprofessional collaboration. Key phrases were also coded to the four core Interprofessional Education Collaborative competency domains. These results suggest learners' perception that the Center is a practice-based environment that provides an opportunity to learn, integrate, and apply interprofessional curricular content.

Objective. To determine the impact of an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) to develop skills needed to apply an evidence-based approach to population-level practice decisions. Design. A 4-week evidence-based medicine APPE was implemented that included active-learning techniques and online learning modules, participation in state drug-policy committee meetings, and completion of an evidence-based medicine review for a specific drug agent or class. Assessment. Students' mean score on application of principles related to biostatistics and information mastery on posttests increased 15.8% from pretest to posttest. Students' mean score on a 22-question information mastery quiz was 90.8%. Mean scores for course evaluation components ranged from 4.8 to 5.0 on a 5-point Likert scale. All respondents indicated they would recommend the APPE to other students.Conclusions. An APPE that incorporated content from active drug-policy committees increased students' evidence-based medicine skills and enhanced their understanding of, appreciation for, and confidence in evidence-based practice.Keywords: evidence-based medicine, advanced pharmacy practice experience, literature evaluation INTRODUCTIONApplying evidence-based medicine principles to patient care decisions ensures the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of best evidence in practice. 1 Evidencebased medicine is the principle of incorporating information gained from the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and applying it to patient and policy decisions. 2,3 Healthcare providers face the daily challenge of providing the best possible care while controlling cost in today's environment of direct-to-consumer advertising and high-impact marketing. Therefore, pharmacy students must develop evaluative skills that differentiate therapeutic options with high-yield outcomes measures from those with inferred or surrogate endpoints.This course addresses curricular outcomes described in the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy under Standard 12, Professional Competencies and Outcome Expectations. ACPE calls for graduates to be competent to provide evidence-based patient-centered and population-based pharmacy care. Evidence-based practice and decisionmaking are specifically outlined within the clinical sciences content in the pharmacy practice and pharmacist-provided care, and literature evaluation and research design sections for curricular content. 4 Taking an evidence-based approach to practicing pharmaceutical care is one way to ensure that patients and healthcare providers are satisfied that efforts target a therapeutic outcome that is sensitive to the needs and desires of the patient.In addition to the widely practiced 5-step approach for pharmacists to provide drug information to patients and other professionals, 5 information mastery skills aid the health care provider in developing a systematic and rapid approach to identifying the most useful in...

Objective: Training on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) healthcare and inclusive practice is lacking in curricula across health professions, contributing to health disparities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an interprofessional learning activity on LGBTQ healthcare disparities and inclusive practices delivered in a closed Facebook group. Design: Asynchronous, online platforms, like social media, offer a simple means of connection and discussion for interprofessional education. Setting: An academic health centre in the Southern USA. Methods: The learning activity consisted of (1) pre- and post-quizzes assessing knowledge about LGBTQ healthcare, (2) content review of required readings and a video and (3) daily discussion threads. Students completed individual reflection essays about interprofessional education and practice and the Quadruple Aim. Results: Two cohorts of interprofessional students completed the activity. Average quiz scores increased post-activity. Both the Facebook discussion threads and reflection essays demonstrated that students recognised the need to incorporate LGBTQ-inclusive practices into their future professional practice, as well as recognised the valuable insight of their interprofessional team members. Students had mixed perspectives about Facebook as a discussion platform for interprofessional education. Conclusion: Facebook groups provide a feasible platform to implement interprofessional education on LGBTQ-inclusive healthcare practice and stimulate student discussion.