With the increase of anti-Muslim bigotry in the current political and societal climate, ethnic minority children in western nations may experience increased nega-4

Context Concussion is among the most common injuries in athletes. Over the past 10 years, concussion knowledge has expanded, and guidelines for management have changed. Recent changes include recommendations against strict mental and physical rest after sustaining a concussion, a better recognition of preexisting conditions predisposing protracted concussion recovery, and the addition of preliminary patient counseling and education about the expected course of concussion recovery. Objective To assess the impact of changes in concussion management on the duration of symptoms in middle school and high school athletes after sustaining a first-time, sports-related concussion. Methods A retrospective review was performed of medical records of athletes who sustained a concussion between 2016 and 2018 and were treated by the same primary care physician (J.M.N) using the revised approach to concussion management described. Patients were included if they were 11 to 18 years old and had a diagnosis of first-time concussion sustained while playing organized sports. Athletes who sustained a concomitant injury or sustained a concussion outside of organized sports were excluded from the study; athletes lost to follow-up or with incomplete forms were also excluded. Each athlete’s length of symptomatic time from his or her concussion was calculated. This data was then compared with a previously-published data set of athletes who sustained a concussion between 2011 and 2013, with the same inclusion criteria but a different approach to concussion management. Results A total of 110 male and 72 female athletes (N=182) met the study’s eligibility criteria. Collectively, athletes of both sexes from the 2016–2018 data set reported a higher incidence of preexisting conditions associated with prolonged concussion recovery compared with the data set of 2011–2013 athletes. However, both sexes from the 2016–2018 data set also reported a shorter median duration of concussion symptoms compared with the 2011–2013 athletes (median duration 5 vs. 11 days for male athletes and 7 vs. 28 days for female athletes, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusion Recent changes in concussion management have led to decreased duration of symptoms among 11- to 18-year-old athletes with first-time, sports-related concussions. These management changes include advocating for early activity, recognizing preexisting conditions, and educating athletes about the realities of concussion recovery.

International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) operate in dangerous environments where their humanitarian missions are often in jeopardy. This study analyzes the relationship between four political variables-Regime Type, Political Corruption, Political Stability, and Level of Terrorism-and terrorist attacks against INGOs. What political conditions exist when INGOs are targeted by terror organizations? Do these conditions differ from international terror attacks in which INGOs are not targeted? The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is used to identify INGOs attacked by terrorists and to describe the nature of the terrorist threat posed to the organizations. Additionally, data from the Polity IV Project, the State Fragility Index (SFI), and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs) are used to create proxy variables for Regime Type, Political Stability, and Political Corruption. Binary logistic regression of these four variables reveals Political Stability and Level of Terrorism as the best predictors of INGO attacks. These two variables predicted 82.0 percent of the INGO attacks but were much less successful (58.1 percent) in predicting terrorist attacks in which INGOs were not targeted. INGOs can more effectively align resources with their security needs as they gain a better understanding of how the political environment impacts or does not impact their vulnerability to terrorist attack.Evaluando el impacto del clima político en la vulnerabilidad de las ONGs internacionales a ataques terroristas Las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales Internacionales (INGOs) operan en ambientes peligrosos donde sus misiones humanitarias est an a menudo en peligro. Este estudio analiza la relaci on entre cuatro variables políticas -tipo de r egimen, corrupci on política, estabilidad política y nivel de terrorismo -y ataques terroristas contra las INGOs. ¿Qu e condiciones políticas existen cuando las INGOs son objetivo de organizaciones terroristas? ¿Difieren estas condiciones de los ataques terroristas internacionales en los que las INGOs no son los objetivos? La Base de Datos de Terrorismo (GTD) se utiliza para identificar INGOs que son atacadas por terroristas y para describir la naturaleza de la amenaza terrorista para las organizaciones. Adicionalmente, los datos del Polity IV Project, el Indice de Fragilidad del Estado y los Indicadores de Gobernanza Globales se usan para crear variables por procuraci on para el tipo de r egimen, estabilidad política y corrupci on política. La regresi on logística binaria de estas cuatro variables revela que la Estabilidad Política y el Nivel de Terrorismo son los mejores predictores de ataques a las INGOs. Estas dos variables predijeron 82.0% de los ataques a INGOs pero fueron mucho menos exitosas (58.1%) al predecir ataques terroristas donde las INGOs no fueron el objetivo. Las INGOs pueden alinear recursos m as efectivamente con sus necesidades de seguridad mientras llegan a una mejor comprensi on de c omo el ambiente político tiene o no impacto sobre la vulnerabilidad a ataques terrorista...

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