Purpose Physicians work increasingly in larger organizations across different health care delivery systems. This systematic review examines the published empirical literature on organizational commitment among physicians within an international context. Design A systematic, PRISMA-guided review examining studies of organizational commitment among physicians published over time. Four article databases and a combination of appropriate search terms aided in identifying relevant articles. Findings Key findings include: (a) physicians, regardless of country, personal characteristics, type of job, or place of employment generally have lower levels of organizational commitment than other health care workers; (b) work- and job-related variables, particular age and job satisfaction, shape physicians’ organizational commitment; and (c) organizational commitment and the factors that shape it are similar across physicians working in different health systems. Review implications: Organizational commitment should remain central for researchers to study in most health systems internationally. Larger samples, longitudinal research, and greater use of theory are design improvements that will strengthen the extant research. The findings imply that if healthcare organizations create workplaces that make physicians feel in control, do not overwhelm them with work, provide a supportive culture, enhance their ability to give input, and keep them job satisfied, they may gain enhanced organizational commitment. Originality and value: To our knowledge, this is the first review of research examining organizational commitment among physicians. It is a resource for researchers and managers interested in learning more about aligning physician thinking and behavior with health care organizations.

Background: Retail clinics, also referred to as walk-in or convenient care clinics, share common features such as a limited menu of primary care services, on-demand patient appointments, greater use of nonphysician providers such as nurse practitioners, and more convenient hours and access points for patients. Objectives: Given their rising popularity as an alternative primary care delivery site, it is important to examine retail clinics’ impact on patient outcomes. This study’s aim was to systematically review the extant literature on retail clinics in the United States with respect to 3 outcomes of interest: quality, cost, and patient satisfaction. Research Design: A systematic search of 4 databases was done using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies needed to be empirical, measure care in retail, walk-in, or convenient care clinic, and present quality, cost, and/or satisfaction findings. Measures: The majority of studies used commercial, administrative claims databases to procure patient outcome data (n=9). Nine of the 15 studies examined costs, 6 examined quality, and only 1 examined patient satisfaction. Results: Overall, retail clinic care compares favorably with similar care in other settings in terms of lower costs, although the evidence on quality and patient satisfaction is minimal and less conclusive. Conclusions: Future research on retail clinic care requires more rigorous study designs, richer quality measures, inclusion of the patient experience in outcomes, less reliance on administrative claims data, and greater independence from industry stakeholders with interest in seeing the retail clinic model grow.

Background The increased use of health care teams merits further investigation in terms of their impact on patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction and patient experience generally have come front-and-center given trends within the health care industry around “patient-centered care” and “consumer engagement.” Purpose This review examines research published between 2000 and 2017 that includes analysis of potential team–patient satisfaction linkages, taking the conceptual perspective that both the mere presence of health care teams and specific team features like cohesion may each be impactful. Methods A systematic, PRISMA-guided literature review across four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, and ScienceDirect) to examine potential team–patient satisfaction linkages in the existing team literature was performed. Results In-depth review of 24 relevant studies found the following: (a) The extant literature examining the team–patient satisfaction relationship currently suffers from limitations around study design, construct definition, and variable operationalization, which render less confidence overall in the body of work, and (b) despite the limitations, extant work does suggest that there may be instances where the presence of a health care team does favorably impact patient satisfaction. Practice Implications Future research should attend to several issues related to study design improvements, more precise operationalization and measurement of both teams and patient satisfaction, expansion of focus beyond patient satisfaction within the same study, and inclusion of more ambulatory care delivery settings in team–satisfaction research.