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This study surveyed 178 children incarcerated in training schools in North Carolina to estimate the proportion of children who had been witnesses to or victims of neighborhood and family violence, the children's levels of depressive symptoms, and relationships between violence exposure and depressive symptoms. Neighborhood violence was assessed using questions adapted from Richters and Martinez, family violence was assessed using questions from the Conflict Tactics Scales, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory. Results showed that the majority of children reported having been exposed to neighborhood and family violence. Children evidenced high levels of depressive symptoms with more than 70% showing clinically relevant levels of symptomatology. Multiple linear regression procedures found that both neighborhood and family violence were predictive of the levels of depressive symptoms. These findings underline the need to provide highquality therapeutic services to children during incarceration in training schools and after their discharge.

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This study of incarcerated adolescents documents the number and proportion of incarcerated adolescents who use cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs; examines substance use among the adolescents' peers, parents, and community members; and examines associations between incarcerated adolescents' use of substances and substance use by peers, parents, and community members. Questionnaire data indicated that substance use was common among incarcerated adolescents as well as among the adolescents' peers, parents, and community members. Logistic regression analyses revealed that, similar to patterns observed in the general population, peer substance use was the strongest predictor of substance use among incarcerated adolescents.