We analyze differences in cooperation between men and women in social dilemma settings. Using a structural social psychological framework, we examine how the actor, the encounter, the microstructure, and the macrostructure might influence when gender differences emerge in cooperation. Many of the interaction differences, often linked to innate differences between men and women, are modified when the context is modified. We pay particular attention to how status and identity are connected to such modifications.
This study examines how the overlap between informal and formal networks in the workplace is related to the degree of attachment for individuals in work organizations. Two types of informal networks, identified by their content and structure, are commonly found in work organizations: friendship networks and trust networks. Both the content of networks and the coupling (or overlap) of individual member networks with formal authority networks are important for two kinds of attachment, organizational identification and organizational internalization. Data from a survey of employees in five, small, start-up organizations were collected during 1997 and early 1998. Tight coupling between friendship networks and formal authority networks is found to have a strong positive relationship to organizational identification. Tight coupling between trust and formal authority networks is also found to be strongly and positively related to both organizational identification and internalization. Additionally, tight coupling between trust networks and formal authority networks is more influential in predicting identification than coupling between friendship networks and formal authority networks.
Occupational therapists make clinical decisions to help clients with upper limb performance dysfunction following brain injury to achieve their goals. Although occupational therapy services have traditionally been separated for paediatric and adult populations, it has been proposed that a common process can be used to make clinical decisions for children and adults with upper limb performance dysfunction following brain injury. This study compared the factors that influenced the clinical decisions of experienced occupational therapists who worked with either children or adults with upper limb performance dysfunction after brain injury to determine if the clinical decision-making process was common for all clients with brain injury. Eleven occupational therapists with experience in working with clients with brain injury participated in two focus groups. Six had experience in working with children and five in working with adults. The discussions were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using NUD*IST Version 4 data management software. The intrinsic or client-related factors identified as influencing clinical decision making were the client's condition, personal attributes and occupational performance needs. The extrinsic factors were related both to the therapist (knowledge of 'feel', experience, treatment preferences, confidence and personal convictions and beliefs) and to the environment (context of service provision and organisational culture and constraints). The consistency in the factors identified across different caseloads appeared to indicate that a common protocol would be suitable for guiding clinical decision making for both children and adults with varying patterns and intensity of upper limb performance dysfunction. Further research is needed to determine the clinical usefulness of such a protocol and the consistency of client outcomes following its use.
Neurological upper limb rehabilitation is influenced by a diverse range of factors within the practice environment. Clinical reasoning is the means by which occupational therapists make sense of such factors in order to make decisions that promote individual occupational goals. However, changes in neurological knowledge, the limited availability of research evidence and the need to maintain a focus on client-centred practice in rehabilitation settings are factors that contribute to clinical reasoning uncertainty. A protocol that aims to structure clinical decision making in the light of such diversity has been developed to guide upper limb rehabilitation after brain injury. As part of a larger study designed to determine the conceptual usefulness of the protocol, 11 expert occupational therapists were asked to describe the challenges that they faced in their practice. Four themes emerged from the focus group data, described in terms of (a) the complexity of domain-specific knowledge and the paucity of evidence for practice; (b) the diversity of upper limb presentation; (c) the need to balance client-centred practice and professional duty of care; and (d) uncertainty regarding clinical decision making. Although the data supported the participants' expertise, they nevertheless articulated a need for guidance in structuring the clinical reasoning and decision making underlying neurological upper limb rehabilitation. Various strategies are described that can be used to guide clinical reasoning, including research evidence, the differentiation of situations requiring the application of artistic or scientific knowledge, reflective and reflexive practice, and the application of system aids such as decision-making protocols.
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