Resumen: El consentimiento informado constituye un eslabón crucial en las investigaciones que involucran seres humanos. Sin embargo, limitaciones del conocimiento que conducen a errores en su confección y/o aplicación han sido frecuentemente identificadas entre los profesionales a escala global. En correspondencia, se expone una breve revisión temática de su concepto y de los elementos relacionados con su adecuada confección y aplicación, lo que, creemos, permitirá clarificar la información que poseen los profesionales que conducen investigaciones con seres humanos.Palabras clave: bioética, consentimiento informado, fundamentos éticosInformed consent: some current considerations Abstract: Informed consent constitutes a crucial link in research involving human beings. Nevertheless, knowledge limitations which lead to errors of its process and application have been frequently identified by professionals globally. Hence, a brief review of the topic is exposed about the concept and the elements related to adequate process and application, which we belief will allow to clarify the information that professionals who do research involving human beings posses. Key words: bioethics, informed consent, ethics foundations Consentimento informado: algumas considerações atuaisResumo: O consentimento informado constitui um obstáculo crucial nas pesquisas que envolvem seres humanos. No entanto, limitações do conhecimento que conduzem a erros em sua confecção e/ou aplicação têm sido frequentemente identificadas entre os profissionais em escala global. Em correspondência, se expõe uma breve revisão temática de seu conceito e dos elementos relacionados com a sua adequada confecção e aplicação, o que cremos permitirá esclarecer a informação que possuem os profissionais que conduzem pesquisas com seres humanos.Palavras-chave: bioética, consentimento informado, fundamentos éticos

Mebendazole, a benzimidazole carbamate compound, is currently in use for human medical practice against soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and enterobiasis. However, it has been demonstrated that its spectrum of activity is broad and goes beyond those infections. Several studies provide evidence that this drug, taken at higher doses than used for STH and enterobiasis, could be sufficiently effective on some protozoa, nematodes and cestodes.

BackgroundBecause to date there is no available study on STAT3 polymorphism and gastric cancer in Western populations and taking into account that Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA-C segment deregulates SHP-2/ERK-JAK/STAT3 pathways, we evaluated whether the two variables are independently associated with gastric cancer.MethodsWe included 1048 subjects: H. pylori-positive patients with gastric carcinoma (n = 232) and with gastritis (n = 275) and 541 blood donors. Data were analyzed using logistic regression model.ResultsThe rs744166 polymorphic G allele (p = 0.01; OR = 1.76; 95 % CI = 1.44-2.70), and CagA-positive (OR = 12.80; 95 % CI = 5.58-19.86) status were independently associated with gastric cancer in comparison with blood donors. The rs744166 polymorphism (p = 0.001; OR = 1.64; 95 % CI = 1.16-2.31) and infection with H. pylori CagA-positive strains possessing higher number of EPIYA-C segments (p = 0.001; OR = 2.28; 95 % CI = 1.41-3.68) were independently associated with gastric cancer in comparison with gastritis. The association was stronger when host and bacterium genotypes were combined (p < 0.001; OR = 3.01; 95 % CI = 2.29-3.98). When stimulated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or Pam3Cys, peripheral mononuclear cells of healthy carriers of the rs744166 GG and AG genotypes expressed higher levels of STAT3 mRNA than those carrying AA genotype (p = 0.04 for both). The nuclear expression of phosphorylated p-STAT3 protein was significantly higher in the antral gastric tissue of carriers of rs744166 GG genotype than in carriers of AG and AA genotypes.ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that STAT3 rs744166 G allele and infection with CagA-positive H. pylori with higher number of EPIYA-C segments are independent risk factors for gastric cancer. The odds ratio of having gastric cancer was greater when bacterium and host high risk genotypes were combined.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of secnidazole combined with high-dose mebendazole for treatment of 5-nitroimidazole-resistant giardiasis. Method: Adults with microscopically verified Giardia intestinalis monoinfection attending a secondary level hospital in Matanzas City, Cuba were prospectively included in a cohort. A recently introduced treatment ladder consisting of metronidazole as first-line treatment, followed by secnidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole plus mebendazole and quinacrine as second-to fifth-line treatments, respectively, was used. Adverse events and treatment success were determined by questioning and microscopy on concentrated stool samples, respectively on days 3, 5 and 7 after the end of treatment. If G. intestinalis was detected on day 3, 5 or 7, then the infection was classified as refractory and no further microscopy was performed. Results: A total of 456 individuals were included. Metronidazole, 500 mg three times daily for 5 days, cured 248/456 (54%) patients. A single 2-g secnidazole dose as second-line treatment cured 50/208 (24%) patients. A single 2-g tinidazole dose as third-line treatment cured 43/158 (27%) patients. Three rounds of 5-nitroimidazole therapy therefore cured 341/456 (75%) patients. Secnidazole plus mebendazole (200 mg every 8 hours for 3 days) cured 100/115 (87%) of nitroimidazole refractory infections. Quinacrine cured the remaining 15 patients. All treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions: 5-Nitroimidazole refractory giardiasis was common, indicating that an alternative first-line treatment may be needed. Retreatment of metronidazole refractory giardiasis with an alternative 5nitroimidazole was suboptimal, indicating cross-resistance. Mebendazole plus secnidazole were well tolerated and effective for the treatment of 5-nitroimidazole refractory G. intestinalis infection in this setting.

ABZ was found as effective as MTZ in the treatment of G. duodenalis infections in adult patients from Cuba and could be a useful drug in areas where co-infection with STH infections is common.