Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 32 Nordic group I Clostridium botulinum type B strains isolated from various sources revealed two homogeneous clusters, clusters BI and BII. The type B strains differed from reference strain ATCC 3502 by 413 coding sequence (CDS) probes, sharing 88% of all the ATCC 3502 genes represented on the microarray. The two Nordic type B clusters differed from each other by their response to 145 CDS probes related mainly to transport and binding, adaptive mechanisms, fatty acid biosynthesis, the cell membranes, bacteriophages, and transposon-related elements. The most prominent differences between the two clusters were related to resistance to toxic compounds frequently found in the environment, such as arsenic and cadmium, reflecting different adaptive responses in the evolution of the two clusters. Other relatively variable CDS groups were related to surface structures and the gram-positive cell wall, suggesting that the two clusters possess different antigenic properties. All the type B strains carried CDSs putatively related to capsule formation, which may play a role in adaptation to different environmental and clinical niches. Sequencing showed that representative strains of the two type B clusters both carried subtype B2 neurotoxin genes. As many of the type B strains studied have been isolated from foods or associated with botulism, it is expected that the two group I C. botulinum type B clusters present a public health hazard in Nordic countries. Knowing the genetic and physiological markers of these clusters will assist in targeting control measures against these pathogens.Clostridium botulinum produces a potent neurotoxin during its growth. The toxin causes a potentially lethal paralytic disease, botulism, in humans and animals. The classical foodborne botulism follows the consumption of toxin-containing food or drink, while infant and adult intestinal botulism results from in vivo spore germination, outgrowth, and toxin production in the gut. Apart from attenuated intestinal microbial population, other factors affecting the colonization of C. botulinum in the intestinal forms of botulism are not known.Based on their physiology and genetic background, C. botulinum strains are divided into groups I to IV (13). Strains of groups I and II are associated with human disease. Group I strains produce neurotoxin serotypes A, B, and/or F, while the group II strains produce type B, E, or F toxin. Physiologically, groups I and II differ markedly from each other as well as from groups III and IV. Genomic analysis of group I and II C. botulinum strains by 16S rrn sequencing (13), ribotyping (10), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (11,15,16) is consistent with the divergent physiologies of the two groups (18).Nordic C. botulinum group I strains show a remarkable homogeneity (15,20,21,23). In a large pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, the majority of group I strains isolated from various sources from Finland, Norway, and Denmark formed type B neurotoxin and...
The minimum and maximum growth temperatures of 23 group I Clostridium botulinum strains of the toxin types A, AB, B, and F were determined. Moreover, the maximum growth rates at 20, 37, and 42 degrees C of the same strains were recorded. The minimum growth temperatures varied from 12.8 to 16.5 degrees C, whereas the maximum growth temperatures showed even wider variation, from 40.9 to 48.0 degrees C. At 20 and 37 degrees C, a twofold difference in maximum growth rates between the slowest and the fastest growing strains was found; at 42 degrees C the difference was more than 30-fold. As expected, all strains grew significantly slower at 20 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. However, eight type B strains grew substantially faster at 42 degrees C than they did at 37 degrees C. These findings indicate that the optimum growth temperature for some group I C. botulinum type B strains is higher than the temperature of 37 degrees C that is generally accepted. A significant correlation between maximum growth rates at 42 degrees C and maximum growth temperatures was found for type B and F strains, whereas for type A strains no such correlation could be found. Strain variation was particularly high for the type B strains, reflecting the wide genetic diversity of this toxin type. The significant variation between strains of group I C. botulinum may have an impact on inoculation studies and predictive modeling when assessing the safety of foods.
On 29 June 2006, a 65 year old woman fell ill with vomiting and diarrhoea in southern Finland
Monien maa- ja elintarviketalouden kannalta merkittävien bakteeritaudinaiheuttajien luotettava tunnistus on ongelmallista. Näihin lukeutuvat perunan uusi, maa- ja siemenlevintäinen taudinaiheuttaja pohjanrupibakteeri (Streptomyces turgidiscabies), voimakasta hermomyrkkyä tuottava, vakavia ruokamyrkytyksiä ja halvauksia aiheuttava, elintarvikkeissa kulkeutuva Clostridium botulinum, sekä ihmisille tautia aiheuttavat enterohemorragiset Escherichia coli -bakteerit (EHEC-bakteerit; zoonoosi-taudinaiheuttajat), joiden tärkeimpänä lähteenä pidetään nautoja. Sopivan diagnostiikan puuttuessa edellä mainittuja, tauteja aiheuttavia bakteerikantoja ja -lajeja ei voida erottaa haitattomista, joita osa näytteiden mikrobeista edustaa. DNA-mikrosirut edustavat uutta diagnostista lähestymistapaa. Mikrosirulla tapahtuva tunnistus antaa poikkeuksellisen laajat mahdollisuudet mikrobin kuvailun yksityiskohtaisuudelle. Siten esim. taudinaiheuttamiskykyyn tarvittavien geenien yhdistelmää tai taudinaiheuttajalle ominaisia, minimaalisia geneettisiä eroja voidaan hyödyntää kokonaisuutena tunnistuksessa. Tämän hankkeen keskeisenä tavoitteena oli DNA-mikrosirutekniikan käyttöönottaminen diagnostiikassa. Koska menetelmä oli hankkeen alkaessa kansainvälisestikin ottaen uusi ja vasta kehitteillä, hankkeessa tukeuduttiin neljän tutkimuslaboratorion yhteistyöhön mahdollisimman nopean etenemisen varmistamiseksi. Soveltavan biologian laitoksen kasvipatologian laboratorio (Helsingin yliopisto, HY) koordinoi hanketta ja keskittyi perunan bakteeritaudinaiheuttajiin. Elintarvike- ja ympäristöhygienian laitos (HY) tutki ruokamyrkytysbakteereja. Elintarviketurvallisuusvirasto Eviran mikrobiologian tutkimusyksikkö tutki puolestaan EHEC-bakteereja. Mikrosirukokeet tehtiin Biotekniikan instituutin (HY) mikrosirulaboratoriossa, joka toimi teknologisena asiantuntijana. Hankkeeseen palkattiin yhteinen bioinformaatikko kehittämään tulosten käsittelyssä tarvittavia menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen lopullisena tavoitteena oli edistää elintarviketurvallisuutta, tuotantoeläinten terveyttä, elintarviketuotannossa käytettävien materiaalien hygieniaa sekä perunan kasvinsuojelua. Tutkimuksissa edettiin alun teknisten vaikeuksien jälkeen nopeasti, kun uusi mikrosirujen valmistusteknologia tuli käyttöön. Hankkeen tulokset edustavat tieteellisesti uudenaikaista lähestymistapaa bakteerien tyypittämiseen. Mikrosiruteknologian avulla oli mahdollista erotella kaikki perunalla merkittävät, Suomessa tavattavat bakteeritaudinaiheuttajat. Mikrosiruanalyysit paljastivat joukon C. botulinum:in geenejä, joiden perusteella bakteerikannat voitiin jakaa proteolyyttisten ominaisuuksien mukaisesti kahteen ryhmään ja kehittää niiden tunnistukseen nopea PCR-testi. Samalla periaatteella voitiin erotella tunnetusti patogeenisiä ja mahdollisesti patogeenisiä E. coli –kantoja. Tulokset veivät eteenpäin taudinaiheuttamiskykyyn liittyvien monimutkaisten ilmiöiden tutkimusta ja tuottivat diagnostiikassa sovelluskelpoisia tuloksia.
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