Na(+)-independent Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchangers (AE1, AE2, AE3) are generally known as ubiquitous, multispanning plasma membrane proteins that regulate intracellular pH and transepithelial acid-base balance in animal tissues. However, previous immunological evidence has suggested that anion exchanger (AE) proteins may also be present in intracellular membranes, including membranes of the Golgi complex and mitochondria. Here we provide several lines of evidence to show that an AE protein is indeed a resident of the Golgi membranes and that this protein corresponds to the full-length AE2a isoform in fibroblasts. First, both the N- and C-terminal antibodies to AE2 (but not to AE1) detected an AE protein in the Golgi membranes. Golgi localization of this AE2 antigen was evident also in cycloheximide-treated cells, indicating that it is a true Golgi-resident protein. Second, our Northern blotting and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated the presence of only the full-length AE2a mRNA in cells that show prominent Golgi staining with antibodies to AE2. Third, antisense oligonucleotides directed against the translational initiation site of the AE2a mRNA markedly inhibited the expression of the endogenous AE2 protein in the Golgi. Finally, transient expression of the GFP-tagged full-length AE2a protein resulted in predominant accumulation of the fusion protein in the Golgi membranes in COS-7 and CHO-K1 cells. Golgi localization of the AE2a probably involves its oligomerization and/or association with the recently identified Golgi membrane skeleton, because a substantial portion of both the endogenous AE2a and the GFP-tagged fusion protein resisted detergent extraction in cold. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:259-269, 2001)

Chloride/bicarbonate (Cl-/HCO(3)-) exchangers are a family of proteins (anion exchanger [AE] gene family) that regulate many vital cellular processes such as intracellular pH, cell volume, and Cl- concentration. They may also be involved in the regulation of sperm cell motility and acrosome reaction during fertilization, as these two phenomena are bicarbonate dependent, and we have previously shown that a polypeptide immunologically related to erythrocyte band 3 is expressed in mammalian sperm cells. We have now identified this putative sperm cell anion exchanger as the AE2 isoform of this gene family. First, we determined its complete primary structure from the human testis lambda gt 11 cDNA library. The cloned sequence was found to consist of 3896 base pairs (bp) with an open reading frame of 3726 bp, and to be almost identical to the previously published human genomic AE2 sequence. Only four amino acid disparities were found between these two sequences. Second, our in situ hybridization analyses showed that AE2 mRNA is expressed in developing sperm cells, indicating that the cloned sequence corresponds to the sperm cell AE. Our reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses suggested further that the expression of AE2 mRNA was variable to some extent during the epithelial cell cycle. Strongest expression was observed at stages VII-XIV except for stage X, i.e., when major structural and morphological changes take place. These results suggest that the full-length AE2 isoform regulates HCO(3)- transport in mature sperm cells and thus their motility in vivo.

Sodium-independent anion exchangers (AE1^4) show remarkable variability in their tissue-speci¢c expression and subcellular localization. Currently, isoform-speci¢c targeting mechanisms are considered to be responsible for this variable localization. Here, we report that targeting can also be cell type-speci¢c. We show that the full-length AE2 protein and its green £uorescent protein-or DsRed-tagged variants localize predominantly either to the Golgi apparatus in COS-7 cells, or to the plasma membrane in HeLa cells. This alternative targeting did not seem to result from either translational or posttranslational di¡erences, but rather from di¡erential expression of at least one of the Golgi membrane skeletal proteins, ankyrin 195 (Ank 195 ), between the two cell types. Comparative studies with several di¡erent cell lines revealed that the Golgi localization of the AE2 protein correlated strictly with the expression of Ank 195 in the cells. The two Golgi-associated proteins also co-localized well and similarly resisted detergent extraction in the cold, whereas the plasma membrane-localized AE2 in Ank 195 -de¢cient cells was mostly detergent-soluble. Collectively, our results suggest that Ank 195 expression is a key determinant for the variable and cell type-dependent localization of the AE2 protein in the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells.

The structural integrity of the Golgi apparatus is known to be dependent on multiple factors, including the organizational status of microtubules, actin and the ankyrin/spectrinbased Golgi membrane skeleton, as well as vesicular tra⁄cking and pH homeostasis. In this respect, our recently identi¢ed Golgi-associated anion exchanger, AE2, may also be of importance, since it potentially acts as a Golgi pH regulator and as a novel membrane anchor for the spectrin-based Golgi membrane skeleton. Here, we show that inhibition ( s 75%) of AE2 expression by antisense oligonucleotides in COS-7 cells results in the fragmentation of the juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus and in structural disorganization of the Golgi stacks, the cisternae becoming generally shorter, distorted, vesiculated and/or swollen. These structural changes occurred without apparent dissociation of the Golgi membrane skeletal protein Ankyrin 195 , but were accompanied by the disappearance of the well-focused microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), suggesting the involvement of microtubule reorganization. Similar changes in Golgi structure and assembly of the MTOC were also observed upon transient overexpression of the EGFP-AE2 fusion protein. These data implicate a clear structural role for the AE2 protein in the Golgi and in its cytological positioning around the MTOC.