Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Mit dem SARS-CoV-2-Ausbruchsgeschehen („Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2“, COVID-19) ist es zu einer Verunsicherung über Erkrankungsrisiko und Folgen der Virusinfektion in der Bevölkerung gekommen. Ältere Menschen gelten als Risikogruppe für schwere Infektionsverläufe und wurden im besonderen Maße zu sozialer Distanzierung aufgerufen. Gleichzeitig wurde die Sorge geäußert, dass sich Erkrankungsrisiko und soziale Isolation negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit älterer Menschen auswirken würden.
Ziele der Arbeit
Erfassung von psychosozialen Belastungen, vorhandenen Bewältigungsstrategien, Unterstützungsbedarfen und Kohärenzerleben älterer Menschen im Zusammenhang mit dem COVID-19-Ausbruchsgeschehen.
Material und Methoden
Die Studie folgt einem qualitativen Untersuchungsdesign. Zwischen Mai und Juni 2020 wurden telefonische Interviews mit 11 älteren Personen (70+) durchgeführt. Die Durchführung der Interviews erfolgte leitfadengestützt. Die Daten wurden mittels Audioaufzeichnung festgehalten, transkribiert und inhaltsanalytisch nach Mayring und Fenzl (2019) unter Nutzung von MAXQDA ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse
Die Probanden waren im Durchschnitt 74,8 Jahre alt. Bei den Befragten zeigte sich ein überwiegend stabiles Befinden und gutes Zurechtkommen mit dem COVID-19-Geschehen. Als wesentliche Ressourcen wurden Lebenserfahrung, frühere bewältigte Krisen, eine optimistische Grundhaltung und Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit der Maßnahmen genannt. Externe Unterstützungsangebote seien kaum in Anspruch genommen worden. Das Schließen seniorenspezifischer Treffpunkte wurde kritisch bewertet.
Diskussion
Ältere Menschen scheinen sich ihre psychosoziale Gesundheit trotz COVID-19-Pandemie überwiegend zu erhalten. Die Bedeutsamkeit mentaler Ressourcen älterer Menschen für die Unterstützung jüngerer Generationen bleibt bisher unerkannt.
(1) The rising proportion of older adults in the population represents a challenge for the healthcare system. Women and men age differently. This study aims to examine gender-specific characteristics of health in old age from male and female perspectives. (2) Two focus groups were formed in this qualitative study of older (70+) women (n = 10) and men (n = 8) in accordance with the theoretical framework of the World Health Organization (WHO) on healthy ageing determinants. The data were audio recorded and fully transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was performed using MAXQDA. (3) In both focus groups (average age: women 77.1 years, men 74.9 years), gender-specific characteristics regarding healthy ageing were discussed. Women focused on healthy eating, while men focused on an active lifestyle and meaningful activities. Physical and social activities were considered as important for healthy ageing in both groups. (4) Important gender-specific characteristics of health in old age were identified and recommendations for gender-unspecific and gender-specific recommendations were derived. The results provide important information for promoting and maintaining health in old age. Women and men show both similarities and differences in terms of health-related needs and individual experiences. We suggest gender-specific features in nutrition and health programs for older adults.
(1) Background: “Patient health information” promote health literacy. “Patient guidelines” as a sub group reflect the current evidence about illnesses and treatment options adapted to the needs of laypersons. Little is known about factors promoting and hindering their use by people affected by mental illness and their relatives. (2) Methods: Telephone interviews (N = 15; n = 4 adults affected by mental illness, n = 5 relatives, n = 6 both applicable) were conducted according to the Sørensen model of health literacy. Data were recorded, transcribed and content-analyzed following Mayring. (3) Results: Health information is used regularly by individuals affected by mental illness and their relatives, but “patient guidelines” are largely unknown. Yet, there is a great willingness to use them. Main barriers are a lack of statistical knowledge, the complexity of health-related topics and cognitive impairment sometimes accompanying mental illnesses. Target group-oriented adaptation as well as transparent and even-handed presentation of (dis-)advantages of treatment options can increase trust. (4) Conclusions: Health information and guidelines can help affected persons and relatives to make treatment decisions by conveying unbiased, up-to-date knowledge. Target group-specific adaptations should be made for psychiatric illnesses and features specific to mental illnesses compared to physical illnesses should be included. Clinical practice guidelines must be distributed more widely to increase their impact.
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