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Coastal marine habitats adjacent to catchments with encroaching human development are likely to experience increased sediment loadings in ensuing decades. Thus, sedimentary disturbance regimes in which coastal marine benthic communities have evolved may be shifting as depositional events exceeding critical thresholds become more frequent. To understand the threat posed by terrigenous sedimentation in an embayment with increasing urban development, we determined the thickness and frequency at which terrigenous sediment deposits begin to affect the benthos. We performed manipulative experiments involving layers of terrigenous sediment <1 cm thick in a variety of intertidal habitats in the Whitford embayment, North Island, New Zealand. Results of 3 separate experiments performed at 5 sites were largely consistent. While experimental plots were never completely defaunated, as little as 3 mm of the terrigenous material was sufficient to significantly alter macrobenthic community structure (measured after 10 d, relative to 0 mm controls). The direction of change was predominantly negative; the number of individuals and taxa declined as a result of sediment application, as did the densities of nearly every common species. Large bivalves were less affected than smaller ones, and deeper-dwelling species were less affected than ones at the sediment surface. With repeated applications of thin terrigenous layers (3 mm thickness, monthly over a 6 mo period), the sandflat sediments gradually became finer (clay volume % increased), and macrofaunal community composition progressively diverged from controls. To summarise, macrofauna were negatively affected by extremely small amounts of terrigenous sediment, and repeated depositional events did more damage than single ones. With increasing defoliation and excavation of catchment hillsides, the frequency of depositional events of a given intensity is likely to quicken, indicating an enhanced likelihood of macrofaunal disturbance and degradation in estuarine tidal flats. Management decisions that protect coastal catchments may partially ameliorate the threat to the benthos in coastal receiving waters.KEY WORDS: Land-use · Sediment impacts · Terrigenous sediment deposition · Marine benthos · Sandflat · Low intensity · High-frequency disturbance · Self-organized criticality Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 273: [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138] 2004 are reacting to and recovering from variously sized disturbances, perhaps of several types and intensities, dating back to various points in time (Connell 1978, Huston 1979, Yodzis 1986, Tokeshi 1999.With so many factors potentially influencing disturbance-recovery dynamics, ecologists have been forced to simplify their models and experimental investigations by focusing on specific circumstances. For example, studies of disturbance-recovery dynamics often begin with the complete defaunation of disturbed pat...

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The impact of bioturbation by the burrowing ghost shrimp Callianassa filholi on benthic community composition was examined in relation to seasonal and small-scale spatial changes. Sites of naturally occurring low and high densities of C. filholi on an intertidal sandflat represented hfferences in bioturbation activity throughout the year. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed significant differences in community composition between high-and low-density sites. The total number of species and total number of individuals were lower at high-density sites. A corophiid amphipod, Paracorophium escavatum and a small bivalve, Perrierina turneri, appeared to have the greatest discriminating significance wlth lower abundances of both species at sites of high C. filholi density. Even though differences between sites of different dens~ty pers~sted throughout the year, the impact of bioturbation depended on season. Bioturbation had the highest maximum correlation to changes in macrofauna1 community composition in winter, spring and, in association with seagrass blomass (Zostera novazelandica), in autumn. During summer, however, seagrass biomass contnbuted the most to observed differences and appeared to compensate for generally high bioturbation activity. The results imply that bioturbation impacted on macrofauna community composition over a small spatial scale and, although its impact varied seasonally, imposed patterns persisted throughout the year. As such, C. filholi can be considered a keystone species.