Accessible summary Lots of people use the Internet to make friends and talk to friends. We behave in certain ways because of how people talk to us and treat us. Some people use Facebook on the Internet to stay in touch with their friends and make new friends. This can be a very good experience. Some other people have had problems when using social networking sites like Facebook. Some people have been bullied online and some have had money taken off them. We spoke to three people who have had good and bad things happen on Facebook. We have suggested some ideas on how to help people with these problems. SummarySocial identity has traditionally been established through face‐to‐face interactions. However, in recent times, social networking sites have provided an additional medium through which social identities can be developed and explored. Social networking has become increasingly popular over the past decade, attracting millions of active users worldwide. These sites offer an opportunity to maintain friendships, create new friendships and even date. The following article highlights the positive and negative experiences of three people with learning disabilities using social networking sites. The negative experiences reported by our service users highlighted areas of concern with regard to their safety. As a result, a therapeutic group was formed to address these online experiences and provide practical and emotional support. At the end of the group, service users reported that they were more confident about discussing and problem solving issues around online use.
1 Central Siberian botanical garden, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia; 2 V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/28, SummaryIn this article, we report observations made during thirteen years on foliar fungal pathogens attacking European and Eurasian woody broadleaved species in Siberian arboreta and cities and discuss the possibility of using such data for detecting exotic pathogens that may represent a danger for European tree and shrub species, should these pathogens be introduced into Europe. A total of 102 cases of symptomatic infections (fungus-host plant associations) involving 67 fungal species were recorded on 50 of the 52 European and Eurasian woody plant species. All but four of the fungi found during the surveys were previously reported in Europe. However, 29 fungus-host plant associations are apparently new to science, suggesting that complexes of cryptic species differing in their host range and geographic range may occur. Seventeen percentage of associations were given a high damage score, that is, more than 50% of plant area was attacked, for at least some localities. In nearly half of the cases, fungus-host plant associations were found to be very frequent, that is, occurring every year and at all locations where the plant was inspected. A list of pathogen-host associations in Siberia deserving further investigation is provided, either because the pathogen is not yet recorded in Europe or because the pathogen-host association has not yet been reported, and the damage is high or, finally, because the damage and infestation level is unusually high in known associations. Further studies should involve molecular characterization of these foliar pathogens and their host range testing.
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