Research objective of swapping chuck is to manufacture quartz resonators of primary oscillation without any spurious signals due to the finely aligned optical axis. After basic geometry of cylinder and sphere is reviewed, this rallying two chucks was discovered in order completely to match an optical axis of the dual convex lens to two machining axes of front and rear surfaces. We could make an ultra-accurate symmetrical bi-convex quartz resonator, which AT-cut optical axis became identical to two machining geometrical axes, when we used the blank which optical axis was identical to the geometrical axis line.

Based on the length of the tip cavitation as an indication of cavitation, we focused on the effect of thermodynamics on cavitation performances and cavitation instabilities in an inducer. Comparison of the tip cavity length in liquid nitrogen (76K and 80K) as working fluid with that in cold water (296K) allowed us to estimate the strength of the thermodynamic effect on the cavitations. The degree of thermodynamic effect was found to increase with an increase of the cavity length, particularly when the cavity length extended over the throat of the blade passage. In addition, cavitation instabilities occurred both in liquid nitrogen and in cold water when the cavity length increased. Subsynchronous rotating cavitation appeared both in liquid nitrogen and in cold water. In the experiment using liquid nitrogen, the temperature difference between 76K and 80K affected the range in which the subsynchronous rotating cavitation occurred. In contrast, deep cavitation surge appeared only in cold water at lower cavitation numbers. From these experimental results, it was concluded that when the cavity length extends over the throat, the thermodynamic effect also affects the cavitation instabilities as a “thermal damping” through the unsteady cavitation characteristics.

Asymmetric cavitation is known as one type of the sources of cavitation induced vibration in turbomachinery. Cavity lengths are unequal on each blade under condition of synchronous rotating cavitation, which causes synchronous shaft vibration. To investigate the relationship of the cavity length, fluid force, and shaft vibration in a cavitating inducer with three blades, we observed the unevenness of cavity length at the inception of synchronous rotating cavitation. The fluid force generated by the unevenness of the cavity length was found to grow exponentially, and the amplitude of shaft vibration was observed to increase exponentially. These experimental results indicate that the synchronous shaft vibration due to synchronous rotating cavitation is like selfexcited vibrations arising from the coupling between cavitation instability and rotordynamics.

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