Aim: To examine the association between cancer-related financial toxicity on cancer survivors' physical and mental health outcomes and caregiver burden. Materials & methods: 2016–2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data were used to identify adult cancer survivors with cancer-related financial toxicity. Multivariable regression analyses were employed to examine the association between cancer-related financial toxicity and cancer survivors' self-reported physical and mental health outcomes and caregiver burden. Results: A total of 53.7% of adult cancer survivors reported experiencing financial toxicity. Those who experienced financial toxicity reported 14% greater pain, and poorer physical and mental health outcomes as compared to those who did not experience financial toxicity, ranging from 38% greater odds for activity limitations to 427% greater odds for mental task limitation. Moreover, cancer survivors with financial toxicity reported 206% greater odds for caregiver burden. Conclusions: Intervention programs for reducing financial toxicity among adult cancer survivors and their caregivers should be developed.

IMPORTANCE Health care costs associated with diagnosis and care among older adults with multiple myeloma (MM) are substantial, with cost of care and the factors involved differing across various phases of the disease care continuum, yet little is known about cost of care attributable to MM from a Medicare perspective.OBJECTIVE To estimate incremental phase-specific and lifetime costs and cost drivers among older adults with MM enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA retrospective cohort study was conducted using population-based registry data from the 2007-2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database linked with 2006-2016 Medicare administrative claims data. Data analysis included 4533 patients with newly diagnosed MM and 4533 matched noncancer Medicare beneficiaries from a 5% sample of Medicare to assess incremental MM lifetime and phase-specific costs (prediagnosis, initial care, continuing care, and terminal care) and factors associated with phase-specific incremental MM costs. The study was conducted from June 1, 2019, to April 30, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incremental MM costs were calculated for the disease lifetime and the following 4 phases of care: prediagnosis, initial, continuing care, and terminal. RESULTSOf the 4533 patients with MM included in the study, 2374 were women (52.4%), 3418 (75.4%) were White, and mean (SD) age was 75.8 (6.8) years (2313 [51.0%] aged Ն75 years). The characteristics of the control group were similar; however, mean (SD) age was 74.2 (8.8

IntroductionThe prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States is high. The aim of this study was to assess the association between modifiable risk factors and obesity and to estimate the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of modifiable risk factors among high school students in the United States.MethodsFor this retrospective study, we used a nationally representative sample of 15,624 students who participated in the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Obesity was defined as body mass index at or above the 95th percentile, based on sex- and age-specific data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We examined unhealthy dietary behaviors, physical inactivity, and other modifiable risk factors (tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and sleep). We used multivariable logistic regression, accounting for the complex survey design of YRBS, to assess the association between risk factors and obesity and to calculate PAFs. Confidence intervals of PAFs were estimated by using the jackknife repeated replication method.ResultsAmong all students included in the study, 13.9% were classified as obese. Not being on a sports team (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–1.98), current tobacco use (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.14–1.77), and watching television for 3 hours or more per day (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09–1.76) were significantly correlated with obesity. The combined PAF for all modifiable risk factors was 34.80% (95% CI, 32.09%–37.51%). The single modifiable risk factor with the largest PAF was not participating on a sports team (PAF, 16.57%; 95% CI, 15.30%–17.84%).ConclusionFindings about PAFs help demonstrate the importance of promoting physical activity, healthy diet, and other healthy lifestyles in reducing obesity among high school students in the United States.

A 1 -A 3 1 8 reported in favor of OACDs. Decision analytic modeling was used in the majority of studies, mostly constituting Markov modeling. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in most studies, constituting one-way sensitivity analysis. The types of cancers, where the effect of OACDs was studied, were the metastatic renal carcinoma, gastrointestinal tumors, colon cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia and non-small cell lung cancer. Most included articles were published during the last seven years. Most studies were only conducted in the UK, US and Europe. ConClusions: This is first systematic review of the economic methods used in the evaluation of OACDs. Most important, is that despite the higher acquisition cost, OACDs were demonstrated to be mostly superior over the parenteral alternatives. The pharmacoeconomics studies are difficult to generalize, whereby published economic evaluations are locally specific, especially for the purpose of practical interpretation.

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