No abstract

In the present study the evaluation of different instruments was conducted to check the chemical structure change and the contamination of the different treatments and the raw sample of tannery fleshings were checked in it. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to check the loss of weight on thermal degradation, The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) was carried to check the different functional groups like, -OH, -CH, -NH and C-O present in the samples of tannery fleshings at a wavelength of 400 – 4000 cm-1. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis carried out to check the morphological alterations in substrate, digestate, enzyme pretreated fleshings and the chemical composition of the different samples.

Alternaria alternata is a fungus that has been recorded to cause leaf spots on over 380 host species of plant. It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots, and blights on many plant parts. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of the lipopeptides from strains (T3, T4, T5, and T6) of B. subtilis were studied. The genomic DNA was isolated from B. subtilis bacteria and confirmed the presence of iturin, surfactin, and fengycin genes by PCR amplification. Antifungal Lipopeptides were extracted, identified by HPLC, and quantified from B. subtilis strains with the values for T3 (24µg/ml), T4 (32µg/ml), T5 (28µg/ml) and T6 (18µg/ml). The extracted lipopeptides from T3, T4, T5, and T6 strains of B. subtilis at 10µg/ml of media were used against Alternaria alternata to check the antifungal activity. The rate of inhibition using lipopeptides against Alternaria alternata was recorded as T3 (75.14%), T4 (75.93%), T5 (80.40%), and T6 (85.88%). Among the four strains, the T6 strain (85.88%) showed the highest antifungal activity against the Alternaria alternata.

Over 380 host plant species have been known to develop leaf spots as a result of the fungus Alternaria alternata. It is an aspiring pathogen that affects a variety of hosts and causes rots, blights, and leaf spots on different plant sections. In this investigation, the lipopeptides from the B. subtilis strains T3, T4, T5, and T6 were evaluated for their antifungal activities. In the genomic DNA, iturin, surfactin, and fengycin genes were found recovered from B. subtilis bacterium by PCR amplification. From different B. subtilis strains, antifungal Lipopeptides were extracted, identified by HPLC, and quantified with values for T3 (24 g/ml), T4 (32 g/ml), T5 (28 g/ml), and T6 (18 g/ml). To test the antifungal activity, the isolated lipopeptides from the B. subtilis T3, T4, T5, and T6 strains were applied to Alternaria alternata at a concentration of 10 g/ml. Lipopeptides were found to suppress Alternaria alternata at rates of T3 (75.14%), T4 (75.93%), T5 (80.40%), and T6 (85.88%). The T6 strain outperformed the other three by having the highest antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata (85.88%).