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Renewable energy resources are in high demand to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel industries, particularly bioethanol and biodiesel, have been rapidly increasing in tandem with agricultural production over more than a decade. First-generation biofuel manufacturing is heavily reliant on agriculture food sources like maize, sugarcane, sugar beets, soybeans, and canola.  As a result, the intrinsic competitiveness among foods and fuels has been a point of contention in community for the past couple of years. Existing technological advancements in research and innovation have paved the way for the manufacturing of next-generation biofuels from a variety of feedstock’s, including agricultural waste materials, crops remnants and cellulosic biomass from high-yielding trees and bushes varieties.  This report discusses the existing state of second-generation biofuel manufacturing as well as the feedstock utilized in fuel production, biofuel production globally and the current situation in India. This study also explores the current advancements in the findings and advancement of second-generation biofuel extraction from various feedstock’s. The forthcoming directions of agriculture and energy industrial sectors has also been addressed in order to feed the world 's growing population and to fuel the world's most energy-intensive industry, transportation.

Polystyrene usage has risen significantly in recent years as a result of its wide variety of applications. The persistent consumer demand for polystyrene resulted in the accumulation of polystyrene waste in landfills, inducing environmental degradation. Since polystyrene is a petroleum-derived material, the increasing demand for it resulted in the depletion of petroleum, a non-renewable energy source. Research teams from all over the world have invented many methods for dealing with polystyrene waste, including recycling and energy regeneration. However, there are drawbacks to recycling methods, such as the fact that they need a lot of manpower in the separating procedure and pollute the water, reducing the process's sustainability. Because of these flaws, the experimenters have cantered their efforts on the energy harvesting approach. As petroleum is the primary component of polystyrene, the pyrolysis process for recovering fuel oil from polystyrene is an useful technology because the retrieved oil has a higher calorific value than commercially available gasoline. The current paper discusses polystyrene conversion technologies as well as the pyrolysis techniques for polystyrene, which generates end products such as oil, gas, and char. The impact of different processing parameters on the product yield has been addressed using more advanced techniques of conducting pyrolysis with a solvent.