Summary Precise regulation of innate immunity is crucial for development of appropriate host immunity against microbial infections and maintenance of immune homeostasis. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, post-transcriptional regulator of multiple genes, and act as a rheostat for protein expression. Here, we identified microRNA-30e-5p induced by hepatitis B virus and other viruses that act as a master regulator for innate immunity. Moreover, pegylated interferons treatment of patients with HBV for viral reduction also reduces miRNA. Additionally, we have also shown the immuno-pathological effects of miR-30e in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mouse model. Mechanistically, miR-30e targets multiple negative regulators of innate immune signaling and enhances immune responses. Furthermore, sequestering of miR-30e in patients with SLE and mouse model significantly reduces type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our study demonstrates the novel role of miR-30e in innate immunity and its prognostic and therapeutic potential in infectious and autoimmune diseases.

Mixed gliomas, primarily oligoastrocytomas, account for about 5%-10% of all gliomas. Distinguishing oligoastrocytoma based on histological features alone has limitations in predicting the exact biological behavior, necessitating ancillary markers for greater specificity. In this case report, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and high mobility group-A1 (HMGA1); markers of proliferation and stemness, have been quantitatively analyzed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of a 34 years old patient with oligoastrocytoma. Customized florescence-based immunohistochemistry protocol with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is used in the study. The patient presented with a history of generalized seizures and his magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed infiltrative ill-defined mass lesion with calcified foci within the left frontal white matter, suggestive of glioma. He was surgically treated at our center for four consecutive clinical events. Histopathologically, the tumor was identified as oligoastrocytoma-grade II followed by two recurrence events and final progression to grade III. Overall survival of the patient without adjuvant therapy was more than 9 years. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, p53, Ki-67, nuclear atypia index, pre-operative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, are the other parameters assessed. Findings suggest that hTERT and HMGA1 are linked to tumor recurrence and progression. Established markers can assist in defining precise histopathological grade in conjuction with conventional markers in clinical setup.

26Precise regulation of innate immunity is crucial for the development of appropriate host 27 immunity against microbial infections and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The 28 microRNAs are small non-coding RNA, post-transcriptional regulator of multiple genes and 29 act as a rheostat for protein expression. Here, we identified microRNA(miR)-30e-5p (miR-30 30e) induced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other viruses that act as a master regulator 31 for innate immune responses. Moreover, pegylated type I interferons treatment to HBV 32 patients for viral reduction also reduces the miRNA. Additionally, we have also shown the 33 immuno-pathological effects of miR-30e in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients and 34 SLE mouse model. Mechanistically, the miR-30e targets multiple negative regulators namely 35

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