BACKGROUNDElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is considered to be one of the most commonly used procedure in psychiatry practice.This prospective study was designed to compare the effects of etomidate and sodium thiopentone used in ECT on seizure threshold and duration, haemodynamics, recovery from ECT and immediate side effects.

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OBJECTIVES: Pure tone audiometry and caloric test in patients with herpes zoster oticus were performed to determine the biologic features of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) and the pathogenesis of vestibulocochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of 160 patients with herpes zoster oticus was designed in order to determine the classic characteristics of vestibulocochlear nerve disease associated with the syndrome. Speech frequency and isolated high frequency acoustic thresholds were analyzed based on severity of facial paralysis and patient age. Patients without cochlear symptoms were selected randomly, and audiological function was evaluated. Patients with symptoms of vestibular dysfunction underwent the caloric test, and canal paresis was analyzed according to the severity of facial paralysis and the age of each patient. RESULTS: Among the 160 patients, 111 exhibited pure tone audiometry; 26(79%) of the patients with cochlear symptoms and 44 (56%) of the patients without cochlear symptoms had abnormal audiological data. Among the patients without cochlear symptoms, 15(19%) had hearing loss at speech frequency, and 42(54%) had hearing loss isolated to high frequency. The incidence of cochlear symptoms in herpes zoster oticus was not related to the severity of facial paralysis. The incidence of patients with isolated high frequency hearing loss statistically increased with age, however the incidence of patients with speech frequency hearing loss did not increase. Thirteen patients complained vertigo, and the incidence of vestibular disturbances and the value of canal paresis in the caloric test increased to statistical significance in parallel with increasing severity of facial paralysis. CONCLUSION: Mild or moderate cochlear symptoms with high frequency hearing loss were related to age, and severe vestibular symptoms were related to the severity of facial paralysis after onset of herpetic symptoms. This study might suggest us a clue to the pathogenesis of vestibulocochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

The cosmetics industry is undergoing significant transformations all over the world. Cosmetics regulation in regulated markets is significantly stricter in terms of quality, safety, nomenclature, and labelling in order to govern the use of cosmetic items. Cosmetic safety is governed by a variety of regulatory agencies around the world, i.e. countries with their own set of rules and regulations. According to a recent study, cosmetic regulations in India differ significantly from those in regulated markets such as the United States, the European Union, and Australia. India's cosmetics market is growing at a rate of roughly 20% per year, which is twice as fast as the US and European markets. Even though India's cosmetic standards are complicated and time-consuming, they are required for pre- and post-market approvals. The existing Indian cosmetic regulations include serious flaws, such as the following: Multiple and complex regulations under different bodies, lack of Central Drug Standard Control Organization implementation guidelines, BIS Cosmetics issues that require standard development and amendment, non-uniform licencing approvals between states, and a divergent approach across authorities in interpreting a certain issue are all issues that must be handled. India's cosmetic industry is governed by the Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1940 and the Rules of 1945. In India, cosmetics are held to high standards and are governed by strict rules. This paper discusses the overall cosmetics scenario, as well as the regulations for cosmetics import and manufacture registration.