Normative contrast sensitivity (CS) data were obtained using the commercially available Pelli-Robson chart from the dominant eye of 30 young (mean (+/- SD) age 22.5 +/- 4.3 years) and 42 older (mean (+/- SD) age 70.2+/- 6.7 years) subjects with normal healthy eyes. The majority of young subjects were found to have a CS of 1.80 log units or above. The majority of the older subjects were found to have a CS of 1.65 log units or above. CS results were obtained using both sides (A and B) of the Pelli-Robson chart from 30 (15 young and 15 older) of these subjects. These measurements were repeated under identical conditions, 2 weeks later. There was no significant difference between the results from sides A and B of the chart. The CS scores were shown to be repeatable to within +/- 0.15 log units or +/- 1 step. Therefore a significant change in CS score is +/- 2 steps or 0.30 log units. Slight improvements in reliability could be obtained by more careful permutation of letters on each step and a smaller step size. The restriction against these changes is the ensuing increased chart size.
Although the extent of women's participation in the formal economy has grown considerably since the Second World War, it is a well-established fact that this increase has not been evenly distributed throughout the occupational structure. Women who work tend to be concentrated either into `women's' occupations or other low-level jobs. One reason for this, it has been argued, is that women have historically failed to acquire formal work-related qualifications. A preliminary model is developed relating specific career paths to particular kinds of employment-related qualifications and training. On the basis of our existing knowledge, characteristically `male' and `female' qualifications and career path combinations are identified. This model is then used to explore the possible consequences for male and female careers of the recent, and substantial, increase in young women gaining formal qualifications of all kinds.
This paper explores the meaning of childhood within the realms of play and attachment. Are parental attitudes and expectations, with the use of technology and prescriptive toys, limiting development in children today? Children's play in homes in the United Arab Emirates is examined to explore how children in this region play and whether the quality of this play supports the development of the necessary attachment with the parents and careers. The paper provides an overview of a pilot research study entitled 'Parents as Play Partners', in order to highlight how simple schema-based play with adult support can positively impact attachment and a child's learning and development. Although this study was a limited pilot, the insights obtained are powerful and could prove invaluable for governments and providers of early childhood education, as well as parents and practitioners in this field.
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