The current opioid crisis remains a significant public health issue and there is a critical need for biomedical research to develop effective and easily deployable candidate treatments. One emerging treatment strategy for opioid use disorder includes immunopharmacotherapies or opioid-targeted vaccines. The present study determined the effectiveness of a fentanyl-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine to alter fentanyl self-administration using a fentanyl-vs.-food choice procedure in male and female rats under three experimental conditions. For comparison, continuous 7-day naltrexone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg/h) and 7-day clonidine (3.2-10 μg/kg/h) treatment effects were also determined on fentanyl-vs.-food choice. Male and female rats responded for concurrently available 18% diluted Ensure® (liquid food) and fentanyl (0-10 μg/kg/infusion) infusions during daily sessions. Under baseline and saline treatment conditions, fentanyl maintained a dose-dependent increase in fentanyl-vs.-food choice. First, fentanyl vaccine administration significantly blunted fentanyl reinforcement and increased food reinforcement for 15 weeks in non-opioid dependent rats. Second, surmountability experiments by increasing the unit fentanyl dose available during the self-administration session 10-fold empirically determined that the fentanyl vaccine produced an approximate 22-fold potency shift in fentanyl-vs.food choice that was as effective as the clinically approved treatment naltrexone. Clonidine treatment significantly increased fentanyl-vs.-food choice. Lastly, fentanyl vaccine administration prevented the expression of withdrawal-associated increases in fentanyl-vs.-food choice following introduction of extended 12 h fentanyl access sessions. Overall, these results support the potential and further consideration of immunopharmacotherapies as candidate treatments to address the current opioid crisis.

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River waters contain complex chemical mixtures derived from natural and anthropogenic sources. Aquatic organisms are exposed to the entire chemical composition of the water, resulting in potential effects at the organismal through ecosystem level. This study applied a holistic approach to assess landscape, hydrological, chemical, and biological variables. On-site mobile laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate biological effects of exposure to chemical mixtures in the Shenandoah River Watershed. A suite of 534 inorganic and organic constituents were analyzed, of which 273 were detected. A watershed-scale accumulated wastewater model was developed to predict environmental concentrations of chemicals derived from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess potential aquatic organism exposure for all stream reaches in the watershed. Measured and modeled concentrations generally were within a factor of 2. Ecotoxicological effects from exposure to individual components of the chemical mixture were evaluated using risk quotients (RQs) based on measured or predicted environmental concentrations and no effect concentrations or chronic toxicity threshold values. Seventy-two percent of the compounds had RQ values <0.1, indicating limited risk from individual chemicals. However, when individual RQs were aggregated into a risk index, most stream reaches receiving WWTP effluent posed potential risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to complex chemical mixtures.

Opioid-targeted vaccines represent an emerging treatment strategy for opioid use disorder. To determine whether concurrent vaccination against two commonly abused opioids (fentanyl and heroin) would confer broader spectrum opioid coverage, the current study evaluated dual fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccine effectiveness using a warm water tail-withdrawal and a fentanyl/heroin-vs-food choice procedure in male and female rats across a 105-day observation period. Vaccine administration generated titers of high-affinity antibodies to both fentanyl and heroin sufficient to decrease the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl (25-fold), heroin (4.6-fold), and a 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture (7.5-fold). Vaccination did not alter the antinociceptive potency of the structurally dissimilar opioid agonist methadone. For comparison, continuous treatment with a naltrexone dose (0.032 mg/kg/h) shown previously to produce clinically relevant plasma-naltrexone levels decreased the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl, heroin, and the 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture by approximately 20-fold. Naltrexone treatment also shifted the potency of 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture in a drug-vs-food choice self-administration procedure 4.3-fold. In contrast, vaccination did not attenuate 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration in the drug-vs-food choice procedure. These data demonstrate that a vaccine can simultaneously attenuate the thermal antinociceptive effects of two structurally dissimilar opioids. However, the vaccine did not attenuate fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration, suggesting a greater magnitude of vaccine responsiveness is required to decrease opioid reinforcement relative to antinociception.

Temporal variations of de facto wastewater reuse are relevant to public drinking water systems (PWSs) that obtain water from surface sources. Variations in wastewater discharge flows, streamflow, de facto reuse, and disinfection by-products (DBPs – trihalomethane-4 [THM4] and haloacetic acid-5 [HAA5]) over an 18-year period were examined at 11 PWSs in the Shenandoah River watershed, using more than 25,000 data records, in gaged and ungaged reaches. The relationship of de facto reuse with DBPs by year and quarter at the PWSs was examined. A linear relationship was found between THM4 and de facto reuse on an annual average basis (p = 0.050), as well as in quarters 3 (July – September) (p = 0.032) and 4 (October – December) (p = 0.031). Using a t-test (p &lt; 0.05), the study also showed that there were significant differences in DBP levels for PWSs relative to 1% de facto reuse. This was found for THM4 based on annual average and quarter 1 (January – March) data, and for HAA5 based on quarter 3 data during the period of record.