Candida species are ubiquitous fungal pathogens that exhibit increasing resistance to anti-fungal agents. Candida haemulonii , a rare subtype, is an emerging and virulent yeast pathogen. Species identification is difficult due to phenotypic similarity to other Candida subtypes, such that there is a high risk of inappropriate antimicrobial administration and worsening of emerging resistance patterns. Candida haemulonii has a proclivity for infection of chronic lower extremity wounds particularly in diabetic patients, as exemplified in our case. This case raises awareness about the necessity for expeditious identification and antimicrobial stewardship directed to a highly resistant emerging pathogen.

The field of medical oncology is experiencing a period of rapid evolution owing to advances in the fields of genomics, tumor biology, and immunology. These disciplines have provided valuable insights into the heterogeneity between breast tumors, key oncogenic drivers, and the role of the immune system in the natural history of breast cancer. This knowledge is translating into many novel therapeutic strategies using personalized medicines, targeted drug delivery systems, and immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of both the early and metastatic stages of the disease. This review article attempts to cover the major developments in experimental therapeutics and how they relate to our understanding of breast cancer and its various biologic subtypes.

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