Overall, while still common in many countries, bullying victimization is decreasing. The differences between countries highlight the need to further investigate measures undertaken in countries demonstrating a downward trend.

Objectives This study explores recent cross-national trends over time (2002 to 2014) in the occurrence of victimization by bullying; then it documents the overlap between cyber-victimization and traditional bullying in 2014 among adolescents in 37 countries.

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review to determine whether there is an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or overactive bladder (OAB) in women. Methods: We systematically reviewed English language observational studies on the effect of MetS (or component factors) on the presence of OAB or LUTS in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library with no date restrictions, checked reference lists and undertook citation searches in PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. Because of heterogeneity, results were not pooled, but are reported narratively. Results: Of 27 included studies, only three looked at the link between MetS and OAB. The rest looked at links between OAB and components of MetS such as obesity or insulin resistance (n = 10), between MetS and urinary symptoms (n = 3) and between urinary symptoms and components of MetS, such as obesity (n = 14). Evidence is currently limited, but it does suggest that there may be important links between MetS and OAB and components of MetS such as obesity. Conclusions: The literature on MetS and OAB or LUTS in women is limited, and poor quality. However, the evidence available on obesity appears to support MetS as a contributor and predictor of LUTS in women. Many of the women with LUTS will be overweight and will have features of the MetS, if looked for. This provides not only an opportunity to encourage weight loss as an adjunct to therapy for the OAB symptoms but also a window of opportunity to address cardiovascular risk factors and prevent future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Review criteriaObservational studies examining the link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) (or components of MetS) and the presence of OAB or LUTS were identified through database and lateral searches. Message for the clinicBoth obesity and MetS have been shown to have complex links with LUTS. It is not known whether reducing insulin resistance and central obesity-related chronic inflammation and oxidative stress might prevent the onset of OAB or improve the outcome of current treatment. However, identifying women with MetS who harbour a portfolio of cardiovascular risk factors does provide an opportunity to address future cardiovascular risk, and prevent premature morbidity and mortality; although whether this will have an effect on the storage component of LUTS is unclear. The key variables to address are diet and lifestyle, especially exercise. The investigations should include a blood pressure recording, BMI and waist circumference measurement together with a lipid profile and HbA1c. These results should be transmitted to the GP for action.

high school students: Health correlates, gender differences and problematic gaming.

ObjectivesThe aim of this paper was to examine if the multiple environments of the adolescent including family, peers, school and neighbourhood might function as protective health assets against self-harming behaviour during adolescence.MethodsThe present study utilised data collected from 1608 respondents aged 15 years as part of the England WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study. Multilevel modelling was undertaken using the package MLwiN (version 2.33) to investigate the potential domains and dimensions of family life, school culture and environment, and neighbourhood factors that may operate as protective health assets.ResultsThe results indicated that while peer support did not appear to operate as a protective health asset in the context of self-harm, key dimensions of adolescent/parent interaction and adolescent experience of the school culture and their neighbourhood were associated with reduced likelihood of self-harming behaviours during adolescence.ConclusionsThe Findings highlight the significance of belonging and connectedness as important constituent elements of protective health assets for young people. Interventions that address the multiple environments of the young person, may offer an effective means to reduce the levels of self-harm.