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The purpose of this study was to compare the pro-antioxidant status in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging resistance exercise, and to investigate the practical application of Loverro's coefficient (P/A ratio) to evaluate the presence of oxidative stress. Twenty-eight healthy men were assigned to two groups performed multi-joint (M) or single-joint (S) resistance exercise. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) as well as the concentration of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in blood were evaluated. The P/A ratio was calculated from the mean values of erythrocyte TBARS, SOD, CAT and GPx. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was used as a marker of muscle damage. The applied resistance exercises triggered off the changes in pro-antioxidant ratio towards peroxidation which was proved by significant increase in erythrocyte TBARS concentration in M (+25%) and S (+27%) groups. Plasma TBARS increased only after multi-joint resistance exercise and correlated with erythrocyte P/A ratio (r = 0.536, P < 0.01). The multi-joint exercise caused decrease in SOD activity by 28% whereas the single-joint resistance exercise elevated enzyme activity by 20%. Activities of the other antioxidant enzymes changed simultaneously i.e. CAT activity increased by 14%-16% immediately after exercise, and GPx activity declined by 18%-34% during recovery in M and S groups. Even though, all erythrocyte parameters significantly changed following multi-joint and single-joint resistance exercises, the assessment of pro-antioxidant ratio showed the considerable increase in P/A only in M group. In summary, an analysis of pro- and antioxidant parameters showed significant changes in response to muscle-damaging exercise and demonstrated the practical application of P/A ratio to evaluate the risk of oxidative stress in athletes.

Introduction. The aim of this work was to provide a characteristics of the judo combat and present factors that may influence the result of a sports combat. On the basis of the tournament's result analysis, the combat specifics of the world's top athletes were determined and may be used to orient and streamline a training process. Material and methods. The study materials were the combat lists from the men's judo tournament in Beijing as published on the official website of the Olympic Games. The indirect observation method was applied, using computerised and available information concerning each combat. Basic statistical methods were used to process the data: arithmetic means and percentage compilation. Results. During the men's tournament, there was a total of 303 combats in all 7 weight categories. Altogether, there were 228 competitors participating. No country gained a clear advantage in the medal classification. A significant part of combats (66.67%) ended by nage-waza (throwing), of which the te-waza (hand) (27.06%) and ashi-waza (foot and leg) (23.43%) techniques most often decided about the victory. The katame-waza (grappling) techniques ended 15.51% of all combats. Out of all 47 combats that ended in a horizontal position, 37 ended by osaekomi-waza (holding). Conclusions. 1. Most combats of the men's tournament ended before time and the score awarded most often by referees was ippon. 2. The victories were most often awarded in consequence of the nage-waza (throwing) techniques rather than the katame-waza (grappling) techniques. 3. The te-waza (hand) throwing group techniques proved to be dominating.

Background: and study aim: Each sports activity, particularly combat sports, involves various injuries and overloads. Injuries are a result of impact of sudden large for ceson tissues, while overloads are caused by small but repetitive forces, which lead to some dysfunction, pain. The aim of this study was to compare injuries and overloads in two combat sports, namely judo and Thai boxing. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 34 judokas (from MaKo Judo Wrocław Sports Club) and 34 Thai boxers (from Puncher Wrocław Sports Club). The group of Thai boxers consisted of 29 men and 5 women, where as the judoka group was comprised of 23 men and 11 women. The average age of participants was 22.6 years. Internship competes patients was 3 years. The training period was similar for Thai boxers and judokas: Thai boxers trained on average for 8.5hper week, while judokas trained for 6.9h per week. Results: The study demonstrated that the most common injuries in Thai boxers occurred in lower limbs, while in judokas– in shoulder joints, knee joints and the spine. Thai boxers most frequently developed overloads in lower limbs, whereas judokas– in shoulder joints and the spine. Conclusions: Thai boxers considerably more frequently sustained injuries of feet, elbow joints and thighs, compared to judokas, who sustained more knee joint injuries. Judokas considerably more frequently suffered from injuries of shoulder joints and the spine compared to Thai boxers. Thai boxers more often developed overloads of lower limbs and elbow joints compared to judokas. On the other hand, judokas considerably more frequently sustained overloads of the spine and shoulder joints compared to Thai boxers.

BackgroundThe health aspect of physical activity is not often referred to "effort safety" and "motor safety" of those engaged in this type of activity. The benefits of systematic training to humans are stressed instead. Yet even people for whom sport is a leisure activity often put in extreme physical effort. The aim of the paper is to expand the knowledge of the causes and locations of injuries in young female judokas.Material/Methods: We studied 30 females (14 juniors and 16 seniors) who were leading Polish judokas of various weight categories with medals from Polish Judo Championships and were aged 17-26 (average age was 20.9 years). On average, they had been training for 11 years. The study was based on our own questionnaire with 60 semi-open and closed questions. The questions concerned the personal characteristics of each athlete, including age, gender, weight, training experience, sports class as well as detailed information concerning factors that were the causes of each injury, according to the respondents. Detailed questions also dealt with the type and location of injuries as well as various aspects of judo training. In our statistical analysis we used a proportional ratio (in %), while the calculation of some empirical data (considered as variables and hypothetically interacting with each other) were based on the c 2 test. Results:Most injuries in young female judokas occur during periods of the most intense training activity. These are usually heavy injuries that exclude the injured person from training for more than 4 weeks. Light injuries in judo occur less often than moderate injuries. Injuries in judo are caused by aggressive fighting which, however, does not determine their seriousness. Aggressive behaviour was observed in all groups of judokas with light, moderate and heavy injuries. Conclusions:An injury during a judo fight is a complex, multi-factor phenomenon. Coaches should carefully analyse training and competition fights of all judokas in order to individually influence the events that may lead to even light injuries.