OBJECTIVECeliac disease (CD) is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the current study, we examined whether CD affects the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DRP) in patients with T1D.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a population-based cohort study. Through the Swedish National Patient Register, we identified 41,566 patients diagnosed with diabetes in 1964–2009 and who were ≤30 years of age at diagnosis. CD was defined as having villous atrophy (Marsh stage 3) according to small intestinal biopsies performed between 1969 and 2008, with biopsy reports obtained from Sweden’s 28 pathology departments. During follow-up, 947 T1D patients had a diagnosis of CD. We used Cox regression analysis with CD as a time-dependent covariate to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for DRP in patients with T1D and CD and compared them with patients with T1D but no CD.RESULTSDuration of CD correlated with the risk of DRP. When results were stratified by time since CD diagnosis, individuals with T1D and CD were at a lower risk of DRP in the first 5 years after CD diagnosis (aHR 0.57 [95% CI 0.36–0.91]), followed by a neutral risk in years 5 to <10 (1.03 [0.68–1.57]). With longer follow-up, coexisting CD was a risk factor for DRP (10 to <15 years of follow-up, aHR 2.83 [95% CI 1.95–4.11]; ≥15 years of follow-up, 3.01 [1.43–6.32]).CONCLUSIONSHaving a diagnosis of CD for >10 years is a risk factor for the development of DRP in T1D. Long-standing CD in patients with T1D merits intense monitoring of DRP.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To analyse the relationship between patient-reported outcome measures and clinical outcome measures in 42 individual Swedish cataract surgery settings. Methods: The study material consisted of follow-up data on cataract extractions collected by the Swedish National Cataract Register in 2008-2011. Patientreported outcome was measured using the Catquest-9SF questionnaire. A total of 9707 pairs of questionnaires completed before and after a cataract extraction were analysed together with clinical data. The analyses were performed for each clinic.Results: For almost all clinics, a factor related to a poor patient-reported outcome after surgery was a good preoperative self-assessed visual function. For some clinics, up to 50% of the patients stated that they were very satisfied with their vision before surgery. For single clinics, different factors such as large anisometropia (≥3D), capsule complications, biometry prediction error (≥3D) and ocular comorbidity were related to a poor patient-reported outcome. In situations where the clinical outcome was good and the patient-reported outcome was poor, problems with near-vision activities after surgery was the main factor noted. Conclusions: Analysing factors related to a poor patient-reported outcome for each clinic showed large variation. Weak indication for surgery, refractive problems after surgery, surgical complications and a poor chance of visual recovery due to ocular comorbidity were among the reasons for a poor patientreported outcome. Post-operative care in terms of establishing a good near vision seemed to be another problem for some clinics.

Aim. The aim of this study was to examine mortality in patients with both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and coeliac disease (CD). During follow-up, we identified 960 patients with both T1D and CD. For each individual with T1D and CD, we selected up to five subjects with T1D alone (i.e. no CD), matched for sex, age and calendar period of diagnosis, as the reference group (n = 4608). Using a stratified Cox regression analysis with CD as a time-dependent covariate, we estimated the risk of death in patients with both T1D and CD compared with those with T1D alone.Results. Stratifying for time since CD diagnosis, CD was not a risk factor for death in patients with T1D during the first 5 years after CD diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-1.73], but thereafter the HR for mortality increased as a function of follow-up time (5 to <10 years, HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.74-2.79; 10 to <15 years, HR 1.88, 95% CI 0.81-4.36). Having a CD diagnosis for ≥15 years was associated with a 2.80-fold increased risk of death in individuals with T1D (95% CI 1.28-6.12). Conclusion.A diagnosis of CD for ≥15 years increases the risk of death in patients with T1D.