Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma has been shown to respond remarkably to PD‐1 inhibitors; however, the biomarkers for this therapy have not been fully proven. We report a case of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma with overexpressed PD‐L1, in which a complete response to nivolumab was sustained for >14 months. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed few PD‐1+ immune cells and regulatory T cells in the tumor, in addition to predominant infiltration of CD8+ cells and macrophages. Our findings suggest that the presence of a small number of PD‐1+ immune cells and regulatory T cells should be investigated as candidate therapeutic biomarkers.

This paper investigates the components that affect inter-temporal labour force participation among married women in Japan. We estimate linear probability models and simple, dynamic probit models with a variety of specifications. We find that serially correlated transitory errors have a significant effect on the participation behaviour of married women, while the first-order lagged dependent variable has no significant effect. The result that serially correlated transitory errors influence married women's inter-temporal labour force participation suggests that exogenous rather than endogenous causes have a significant effect on long-term economic disparity among married women.j ere_536 562..580 JEL Classification Numbers: C23, C25, J08, J21.

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