In order to study the joint contact and joint space of statically loaded human knee and hip joints, observations of serial slices of joint specimens which were frozen during the application of a load were carried out. In the intact joints, the articular cartilage surfaces did not come into direct contact with each other even under a load of more than twice that of the body weight. The minimum distance between cartilage surfaces in each specimen ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mm. The Indian ink whish was injected into the joints before the load application was squeezed out of some areas of the remaining joint space, but a dye-free fluid apparently remained in this space.Based on our findings, the definition of joint contact and the lubrication mechanism in the intact human joint have been discussed.

Dendritic Metallophthalocyanines: Synthesis and Characterization of a Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine(8)3-arborol. --(KIMURA, M.; NAKADA, K.; YAMAGUCHI, Y.; HANABUSA, K.; SHIRAI, H.; KOBAYASHI, N.; Chem.

The effect of antifoaming reagent, octyl alcohol, (OA), on the crystallization of poly(vinyl alcohol), (PVA), from its aqueous solution under steady‐state flow was investigated. The yield of precipitates was considerably influenced by the addition of small amounts of OA; it decreased with an increase of the contents of OA, and crystals were hardly produced from the solution which contained over 0,03% OA. The decreasing yield of precipitate by the addition of OA was clearly recognized for PVA with higher rel. mol. mass. The buildup of foams from the solution which contained OA was considerably restrained in comparison with that for the solution which did not contain OA.