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Many vertebrates have two anatomically distinct olfactory organs-the olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ-to detect chemicals such as general odorants and pheromones in their environment. The vomeronasal organ is not present in fish but is present in vertebrates of a higher order than amphibians. Among all extant fishes, the lungfish is considered to be genetically and phylogenetically closest to tetrapods. In this study, we examined the olfactory organs of African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, by lectin histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Two types of sensory epithelia were identified in the olfactory organ-the olfactory epithelium covering the surface of lamellae and the sensory epithelium lining the recesses both at the base of lamellae and in the wall of the nasal sac-and designated here as the lamellar olfactory epithelium and the recess epithelium, respectively. Based on analysis of G-protein expression and ultrastructure, the lamellar olfactory epithelium resembled the olfactory epithelium of ordinary teleosts and the recess epithelium resembled the vomeronasal organ of tetrapods. Furthermore, lectin histochemistry demonstrated that the axons from the recess epithelium converge and project to the ventrolateral part of the olfactory bulb, suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as ''a primordium of the vomeronasal organ.'' This study may provide important clues to elucidate how the vomeronasal organ emerged during the evolution of vertebrates. Anat Rec, 295:481-491, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Key words: lungfish; vomeronasal organ; olfactory organ; ultrastructure; immunohistochemistry; lectin histochemistryMany vertebrates have two distinct olfactory organsthe olfactory epithelium (OE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO)-for detecting chemicals such as general odorants and pheromones in their environment. Although it was previously believed that the OE detects general odorants and the VNO, pheromones, this view Abbreviations used: OB ¼ olfactory bulb; OE ¼ olfactory epithelium; ORC ¼ olfactory receptor cell; TEM ¼ transmission electron microscopy; TRITC ¼ tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate; VNO ¼ vomeronasal organ.

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