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We investigate non‐uniform behaviors in space of the microbubble emission boiling (MEB). Special attention is paid to radial temperature difference on the heated surface before/after the onset of the MEB. Correlation among the regimes of the MEBs, the radial temperature difference in the heated surface and the vapor bubble behaviors is indicated experimentally. We find that the surface temperature near the center becomes higher in the transition to the MEB, and then it becomes lower in the developed MEB. It is found that a linear correlation between the power input to the heaters and the resultant heat flux on the heated surface breaks in the transition of the MEB. The difference of the MEB regimes, S‐MEB and C‐MEB, is apparently distinguishable by monitoring the radial temperature difference of the heated surface.

Discrimination of homologous and heterozygous plants at the male-determination locus in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) was examined by quantitative analyses of a diagnostic marker for male asparagus. The quantitative difference of a sequence, AspTaq1, derived from the Asp1-T7 diagnostic marker (Jamsari et al., 2004), was measured using the real-time monitoring PCR and normalized based on the quantitative difference of a sequence, AODEF-Taq1, derived from a single copy gene, AODEF. The normalized difference was higher in established supermales than in regular males grown from commercially available seeds. The averaged values in respective groups are in the approximate ratio of 2 : 1. Homozygous male (MM), heterozygous male (Mm), and female (mm) genotypes were obtained by selfing of an andromonoecious line. The progeny were divided into three groups by the normalized difference; plants showing high values and intermediate values were thought to be homozygous and heterozygous males, respectively. Significant amplification of AspTaq1 was not detected in several plants; therefore, they were judged to be females. Then, to identify supermales, pollen from male plants was crossed separately with female plants, and the sex of the next generation was determined. Pollen from two male plants showing high values of the normalized difference generated only males in the next generation, while pollen from 12 male plants showing intermediate values generated both female and male plants. Pollen from one male plants that showed intermediate values generated only male plants. The normalized difference in homozygous males was comparable to the value obtained using a recombinant sequence that contains an equal number of AspTaq1 and AODEF-Taq1. These results indicate that homozygous and heterozygous males can be identified by quantitative analysis of a nucleotide sequence linked to the sex-determination locus and that the use of an authentic sequence for calibration facilitates the discrimination process of those genotypes in asparagus plants.

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