Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is resorbable bone regenerative material, but its brittleness makes it difficult to maintain its shape without restraint. We have engineered a scaffold constructed of synthetic OCP and porcine collagen sponge (OCP/Collagen) and investigated whether OCP/Collagen composite could improve bone regeneration. To examine this hypothesis, bone regeneration by the implantation of OCP/Collagen was compared with those by OCP and collagen. Radiographic and histological examination was performed and the percentage of newly formed bone (n-Bone%) in the defect was determined by a histomorphometrical analysis. OCP/Collagen, OCP, or collagen was implanted into the critical-sized defects in rat crania and fixed at 2, 4, or 8 weeks after implantation. OCP/Collagen improved the handling performance than the granules of OCP, and synergistically enhanced the bone regeneration beyond expectation, which were composed of bone nucleation by OCP and cell infiltration by collagen. Histomorphometrical analysis showed that n-Bone% +/- standard error treated with OCP/Collagen (48.4 +/- 5.14) was significantly higher than those with OCP (27.6 +/- 4.04) or collagen (27.4 +/- 5.69) in week 8. The present study suggests that the combination OCP with collagen elicited the synergistic effect for bone regeneration.
The characteristics of electrochemically produced polyaniline as the active material of secondary batteries were studied in aqueous electrolytes. The cell of the type, normalZn/1M ZnSO4/normalpolyaniline , has the maximum capacity of 108 Ah/kg and the energy density of 111 Wh/kg. The coulombic efficiency was close to 100% over at least 2000 complete cycles when cycled between 1.35V and 0.75V at a constant current of 1 mA cm−2. The normalpolyaniline/4M H2SO4/PbO2 cell, where polyaniline was used as the anode, also showed excellent recyclability. The effect of oxygen and of the exposure to high anodic potential to the characteristics of polyaniline electrodes was also studied.
It is argued that the diffeomorphism on the horizontal sphere can be regarded as a nontrivial asymptotic isometry of the Schwarzschild black hole. We propose a new boundary condition of asymptotic metrics near the horizon and show that the condition admits the local time-shift and diffeomorphism on the horizon as the asymptotic symmetry.
duction path. Without such an elaborate chemical modification, some progress might be possible by using regular enzymes, with required coenzymes, in a mixed conducting suspension of a material such as NMPTCNQ. Progress might include long lifetime, freedom from covering membrane, and possible increased amplification, compared with the now conventional enzyme-catalyzed amperometric sensors. ConclusionsPlasticizing NMPTCNQ with DIBP reduces its electronic conduction linearly, with an extrapolated specific conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at zero plasticizer content. At very high DIBP levels, the electronic conductivity is so low that it is comparable with the apparent ionic component, estimated experimentally at 10-6-10 -7 S/cm. NMPTCNQ/DIBP mixtures are quite stable and ohmic at low voltages, using electronic contacts, except for very high DIBP contents when electric fields may change the orientation of NMPTCNQ particles.Simple redox reagents: copper(II, I, 0) and ferro-/ferricyanide retain electroactivity on plasticized NMPTCNQ coatings on glassy carbon electrodes, and demonstrated the possibility of using suspensions to mediate and promote enzyme/substrate/surface reactions.
We have engineered a scaffold constructed of synthetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and porcine collagen sponge (OCP/Col), and reported that OCP/Col drastically enhanced bone regeneration. In this study, we investigated whether OCP/Col would enhance bone regeneration more than beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) collagen composite (beta-TCP/Col) or hydroxyapatite (HA) collagen composite (HA/Col). Discs of OCP/Col, beta-TCP/Col, or HA/Col were implanted into critical-sized defects in rat crania and fixed at 4 or 12 weeks after implantation. The newly formed bone and the remaining granules of implants in the defect were determined by histomorphometrical analysis, and radiographic and histological examinations were performed. Statistical analysis showed that the newly formed bone by the implantation of OCP/Col was significantly more than that of beta-TCP/Col or HA/Col. In contrast, the remaining granules in OCP/Col were significantly lower than those in beta-TCP/Col or HA/Col. Bone regeneration by OCP/Col was based on secured calcified collagen and bone nucleation by OCP, whereas bone regeneration by beta-TCP/Col or HA/Col was initiated by poorly calcified collagen and osteoconductivity by beta-TCP or HA. This study showed that the implantation of OCP/Col in a rat cranial defect enhanced more bone regeneration than beta-TCP/Col and HA/Col.
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