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ABSTRACT. The detailed habitat utilization of the Shiga Bz troop was studied in winter. The following results were obtained. (1) The roosting site distribution was limited to the Yokoyugawa valley. (2) The measured home range size was 1.99 km ~, which was greater than the 1.23 km z of larger population size of the Shiga C troop. (3) The daily travel distance ranged from 0 to 1,825 m (mean 646 m). (4) The pendulum cycle of troop movement is composed of two types: wandering and tripping. The daily travel distance in tripping was much longer than that in wandering. (5) The utilization rate of the home range was assessed according to the total length of the travelling course per grid square. Highly utilized areas in the home range were found along the Yokoyugawa valley without using areas far from the valley. (6) Diurnal activity was influenced by climate, although it was difficult to establish any clear daily rhythm. (7) The food items amounted to 39 species. (8) Distribution of densely utilized sites of food resources almost coincided with those of resting sites. (9) The reasons for the use of the complete home range by the B~ were also discussed.

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Habitat, diet and leaf chemistry are compared between Japanese and Barbary macaques to reveal the similarities and differences in dietary adaptations of temperate primates living at the eastern and western extremes of the genus Macaca. Tree species diversity and proportion of fleshy-fruited species are much higher in Japan than in North Africa. Both species spend considerable annual feeding time on leaves. Japanese macaques prefer fruits and seeds over leaves, and Barbary macaques prefer seeds. These characteristics are adaptive in temperate regions where fruit availability varies considerably with season, since animals can survive during the lean period by relying on leaf and other vegetative foods. The two species are different with respect to the higher consumption of herbs by Barbary macaques, and the leaves consumed contain high condensed and hydrolysable tannin for Barbary but not for Japanese macaques. Barbary macaques supplement less diverse tree foods with herbs. Because of the low species diversity and high tannin content of the dominant tree species, Barbary macaques may have developed the capacity to cope with tannin. This supports the idea that digestion of leaves is indispensable to survive in temperate regions where fruit and seed foods are not available for a prolonged period during each year.

We studied Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) of the Shiga A(1) troop at their sleeping sites in Shiga Heights, Japan, for 41 nights during 3 winters. Monkeys chose their sleeping sites in Japanese cedars and in deciduous broad-leaved forests on non-snowing nights and in Japanese cedar forests on snowing nights. We counted 399 sleeping clusters in which 2 or more monkeys remained in physical contact through the night and 43 solitary sleeping monkeys, though monkeys did not maintain physical contact with others in the daytime. We found 397 clusters on tree branches and 2 clusters on rocks. The mean size of huddling clusters was 3.06+/-1.22 SD. The cluster size (3.17+/-1.26 SD) at lower ambient temperatures between -7 and -4 degrees C was larger than that at higher temperatures between -2 and 4 degrees C (cluster size 2.88+/-1.13 SD). Most clusters were composed of kin. Females kept close to related females in the daytime and huddled with them at night. The highest-ranking male mainly huddled with his kin and his familiar females. Other males kept farther apart from each other in the daytime, probably to avoid social conflicts. Through cold winter nights, however, such males reduced inter-individual distances and huddled with other males. Japanese monkeys appear to recognize three types of inter-individual distances: an intimate distance less than 1 m, a personal distance of 1-3 m and a social distance of 3-20 m; they change their inter-individual distances according to social and ecological circumstances.