The properties of the structure functions and other small-scale quantities in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection are reviewed, from an experimental, theoretical, and numerical point of view. In particular, we address the question of whether, and if so where in the flow, the so-called Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling exists, i.e., S θ (r) ∼ r 2/5 for the second-order temperature structure function and S u (r) ∼ r 6/5 for the second-order velocity structure function. Apart from the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the flow, insufficiently high Rayleigh numbers, and intermittency corrections (which all hinder the identification of such a potential regime), there are also reasons, as a matter of principle, why such a scaling regime may be limited to at most a decade, namely the lack of clear scale separation between the Bolgiano length scale L B and the height of the cell. 335 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2010.42:335-364. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Indiana University -Purdue University Indianapolis -IUPUI on 10/04/12. For personal use only.

We analyze the reversals of the large-scale flow in Rayleigh-Bénard convection both through particle image velocimetry flow visualization and direct numerical simulations of the underlying Boussinesq equations in a (quasi-) two-dimensional, rectangular geometry of aspect ratio 1. For medium Prandtl number there is a diagonal large-scale convection roll and two smaller secondary rolls in the two remaining corners diagonally opposing each other. These corner-flow rolls play a crucial role for the largescale wind reversal: They grow in kinetic energy and thus also in size thanks to plume detachments from the boundary layers up to the time that they take over the main, large-scale diagonal flow, thus leading to reversal. The Rayleigh vs Prandtl number space is mapped out. The occurrence of reversals sensitively depends on these parameters.

Rare-earth-doped laser materials show strong prospects for quantum information storage and processing, as well as for biological imaging, due to their high-Q 4f↔4f optical transitions. However, the inability to optically detect single rare-earth dopants has prevented these materials from reaching their full potential. Here we detect a single photostable Pr3+ ion in yttrium aluminium garnet nanocrystals with high contrast photon antibunching by using optical upconversion of the excited state population of the 4f↔4f optical transition into ultraviolet fluorescence. We also demonstrate on-demand creation of Pr3+ ions in a bulk yttrium aluminium garnet crystal by patterned ion implantation. Finally, we show generation of local nanophotonic structures and cell death due to photochemical effects caused by upconverted ultraviolet fluorescence of praseodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet in the surrounding environment. Our study demonstrates versatile use of rare-earth atomic-size ultraviolet emitters for nanoengineering and biotechnological applications.

The spatial structure of the velocity field in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in water has been measured using the particle image velocimetry technique, with the Rayleigh number Ra varying from 9 x 10(8) to 9 x 10(11) and the Prandtl number remaining approximately constant (Pr approximately 4). The study provides a direct confirmation that a rotatory mean wind indeed persists for the highest value of Ra reached in the experiment. The measurement reveals that the mean flow in the central region of the convection cell is of the shape of a coherent elliptical rotating core for Ra below 1 x 10(10). Above this Ra, the orientation of the elliptical core changes by a 90 degrees angle and an inner core rotating at a lower rate inside the original bulk core emerges. It is further found that the rotation frequencies of the inner core and the outer shell have distinct scalings with Ra; the scaling exponent for the outer-shell is 0.5 and it is 0.4 for the inner core. From the measured rms and skewness distributions of the velocity field, we find that velocity fluctuations at the cell center are neither homogeneous nor isotropic. The turbulent energy production fields further reveal that the mean wind is not driven by turbulent fluctuations associated with Reynolds stress.

We report an experimental study of structures and dynamics of the large-scale mean flow in Rayleigh–Bénard convection cells with aspect ratio (Γ)1, 1∕2, and 1∕3. It is found that both a single circulating roll flow structure and one with two vertically stacked counter-rotating rolls exist in the three aspect ratio cells. The average percentages of time that the large-scale mean flow spends in the single-roll mode (SRM) and the double-roll mode (DRM) are 87.1% and 0.8% for Γ=1, 69.5% and 7.9% for Γ=1∕2, and 26.7% and 34.1% for Γ=1∕3. Several routes of transitions among the different flow modes are identified. In addition, different structures for the DRM are found and their relative weights are determined. We also show direct evidence that the SRM is more efficient for heat transfer than the DRM. Although the difference is very small, it shows how changes in internal flow state can manifest in the global transport properties of the system. It is also found that the time interval between successive flow mode transitions has an exponential distribution, suggesting a Poisson process for the underlying dynamics. The duration of the flow mode transition is found to be log-normally distributed.