Vibrio species is a common natural inhabitant of brackish and saltwater. Vibrio sp. includes not only emerging pathogens but also well‐known and emerged pathogens, such as V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. Although it is often harmless, pathogenic strains which could cause serious food‐borne illnesses/outbreaks in both humans and animals have been identified. Vibrio infection is usually self‐limiting and requires no clinical treatment. However, antibiotics are still required to treat severe cases of Vibrio infection. Recent reports have highlighted a rise in the presence of antibiotic‐resistant Vibrio in the environment. This hampers the clinical treatment of Vibrio infection and has been linked to the imprudent use of antibiotics in various fields such as human medicine, agriculture and animal husbandry. As a result, it has greatly jeopardized food security, threatened public health and impugned the growth of economy. Food is a potential vehicle of antibiotic‐resistant Vibrio where the resistant genes are transmitted to humans via ingestion of contaminated food. Hence, the surveillance, monitoring and management of antibiotic patterns of Vibrio are important for clinical treatment. This review focuses on different trends and global patterns of antibiotic resistance of Vibrio.
South Africa is one of the countries heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 9 January 2022, over 3.5 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and 93 551 deaths have been recorded in the country. The South African healthcare system faced a lack of essential resources and financial burdens by outbreaks and its new variant of concern (VOC), the Omicron. The local government has done as much as possible to control the spread of the virus in the local communities by quickly implementing lockdowns and enforcing movement restrictions. An eight-stage program to combat COVID-19 and a national vaccination strategy was also developed soon to manage the Coronavirus spread in the country better. As the country struggles to secure and administer COVID-19 vaccines to its people, the Coronavirus has been rapidly mutating and causing new waves of infections within the nation. The COVID-19 experience in South Africa demonstrates the great importance of equitable access to medicine, medical equipment, and vaccines globally. Equitable access to these essential resources is critical to prevent the virus spread across borders and reduce mortality rates worldwide.
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