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The loss of revenue or global loss in term of cost due to downtime conditions is always a concern for field operators. Prevailing wave conditions may suddenly appear during offloading operations, which will influence the overall process and may lead to downtime of operations. Severe weather can significantly impact downtime costs of offloading operations and cause a huge loss of revenue. This research work integrates the dynamic stability with downtime cost for LNG carrier in different location of Malaysian waters using real time metocean data. This study on downtime cost utilizes the real time and location-specific wave scatters, as well as limiting criteria of offloading in Malaysian waters. The dynamic roll stability of LNG carrier was investigated for ABS criteria in two depths of water at three real-time locations. Susceptible wave conditions had been identified along with downtime cost analysis. This domain of downtime cost study was further rendered into mathematical package in the form of graphical interfaces for field operators. This mathematical based graphical interface facilitates in predicting location-specific downtime cost charts and allows operator companies to determine the fiscal losses for different range of downtime days and various capacities of LNG carrier. Overall, this research contributes by linking dynamic stability with operating costs through real time metocean data in Malaysian waters.

Interactive simulation in automotive driving has enhanced the studies of driver behaviors, traffic control, and vehicle dynamics. The development of virtual reality (VR) technology leads to low cost, yet high fidelity, driving simulator become technically feasible. However, a good implementation of high realism and real-time interactive three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment (VE) in an automotive driving simulation are facing many technical challenges such as accessibility, dissimilarity, scalability, and sufficiency. The objective of this paper is to construct a virtual reality system for an automotive driving simulator. The technology with variations of terrain, roadway, buildings, and greenery was studied and developed in the VE of the simulator. Several important technical solutions in the construction of VE for driving simulation had been identified. Finally, the virtual reality system was interactively used in a driver-in-loop simulation for providing direct road elevation inputs to the analysis of vehicle dynamics model (VDM). The results indicated identical matching between the VDM inputs and the VE outputs. The outcomes of this paper lead to a human-in-the-loop foundation of a low-cost automotive driving simulator in the vehicle engineering research.

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