A systematic study on the design of fulleropyrrolidine derivatives as the acceptor of photovoltaic cells has been carried out using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the model base polymer. It was found that N-methoxyethoxyethyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)fulleropyrrolidine worked as a good acceptor partner with P3HT and a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) (3.44%) was obtained; this is superior to that of the P3HT polymer including methyl [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butylate ([C60]-PCBM) under the same experimental conditions.

D b r i e m e n t d'ktrophysique Relativiste et d e Cosmologie O b m t o i r e , 92190 Meudon, France AbsImacL Slatting from the equations of motion obeyed by fields, as they result from general approximations [they are m!ia to be of the following form [k2n(k)]+ = 0, for quasi bosons, and a similar equation for quasifermions] a lagmgian formalism is derived and, accordingly, consewed quantities are obtained. Next these fields are quantized and general expressions for the main observables are derived. Statistical mechanics of quasiparlicles then follow via the use of covariant Wigner functions.

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The goal of this work was to optimize the existing test methods for measuring bulk copper and nickel impurities in the heavily doped p-type silicon wafers and to assess their sensitivity, recovery rate, and correlation. Three test methods were studied; low-temperature out-diffusion, polysilicon ultratrace profiling, and wafer digestion. The bulk copper and nickel recovery rates of low-temperature out-diffusion were improved by one order of magnitude in the concentration around 2 ϫ 10 12 atoms/cm 3 . Among the three test methods, polysilicon ultratrace profiling and wafer digestion were found to be most sensitive and the method detection limit of 5 ϫ 10 11 atoms/cm 3 or better was achieved after optimization. The optimized wafer digestion and polysilicon ultraprofiling also correlated well across six laboratories with a bias less than ±50% for both bulk copper and nickel.

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