We examined whether an increase in skin temperature or the rate of increase in core body temperature influences the relationship between minute ventilation (Ve) and core temperature during prolonged exercise in the heat. Thirteen subjects exercised for 60 min on a cycle ergometer at 50% of peak oxygen uptake while wearing a suit perfused with water at 10 degrees C (T10), 35 degrees C (T35), or 45 degrees C (T45). During the exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), skin temperature, heart rate (HR), Ve, tidal volume, respiratory frequency (f), respiratory gases, blood pressure (BP), and blood lactate were all measured. We found that oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, BP, and blood lactate did not differ among the sessions. Tes, HR, Ve, and f remained nearly constant from minute 10 onward in the T10 session, but all of these parameters progressively increased in the T35 and T45 sessions, and significantly higher levels were seen in the T45 than the T35 session. For all but two subjects in the T35 and T45 sessions, plotting Ve as a function of Tes revealed no threshold for hyperventilation; instead, increases in Ve were linearly related to Tes, and there were no significant differences in the slopes or intercepts between the T35 and T45 sessions. Thus, during prolonged submaximal exercise in the heat, Ve increases with core temperature, and the influences of skin temperature and the rate of increase in Tes on the relationship between Ve and Tes are apparently small.

yasu T. Comparison of hyperthermic hyperpnea elicited during rest and submaximal, moderate-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 104: 998-1005, 2008. First published January 3, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2007.-We tested the hypothesis that, in humans, hyperthermic hyperpnea elicited in resting subjects differs from that elicited during submaximal, moderate-intensity exercise. In the rest trial, hot-water legs-only immersion and a waterperfused suit were used to increase esophageal temperature (T es) in 19 healthy male subjects; in the exercise trial, T es was increased by prolonged submaximal cycling [50% peak O 2 uptake (V O2)] in the heat (35°C). Minute ventilation (V E), ventilatory equivalent for V O2 (V E/V O2) and CO2 output (V E/V CO2), tidal volume (VT), and respiratory frequency (f) were plotted as functions of T es. In the exercise trial, V E increased linearly with increases (from 37.0 to 38.7°C) in Tes in all subjects; in the rest trial, 14 of the 19 subjects showed a Tes threshold for hyperpnea (37.8 Ϯ 0.5°C). Above the threshold for hyperpnea, the slope of the regression line relating V E and Tes was significantly greater for the rest than the exercise trial. Moreover, the slopes of the regression lines relating V E/V O2, V E/V CO2, and Tes were significantly greater for the rest than the exercise trial. The increase in V E reflected increases in VT and f in the rest trial, but only f in the exercise trial, after an initial increase in ventilation due to VT. Finally, the slope of the regression line relating Tes and VT or f was significantly greater for the rest than the exercise trial. These findings indicate that hyperthermic hyperpnea does indeed differ, depending on whether one is at rest or exercising at submaximal, moderate intensity. thermoregulation; evaporative heat loss; ventilatory pattern IN MANY SPECIES OF MAMMALS and birds, an elevation in body temperature stimulates ventilation and increases evaporative heat loss for thermoregulation with a two-phase panting response (26,33). In animals such as the sheep and dog, this panting response can include two distinct patterns of breathing, often referred to as first-and second-phase panting (7,12,13,26,33). In the first phase, respiratory frequency (f) is maximized, while tidal volume (VT) is minimized, and arterial blood gases are not perturbed (33). The second phase is only evident with an increase in core temperature, and VT and f are increased, so that alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis (33). In 1905, Haldane (11) was the first to report that hyperthermia also increases ventilation in humans. The recent review by White (33) suggested that since increased ventilation by hyperthermia in humans increases alveolar ventilation so that respiratory alkalosis occurs, a hyperthermia-induced increase in ventilation in humans is likely to be the second phase of panting. However, the mechanisms and the physiological significance of this response in humans are not fully understood.When body tem...

We tested the hypotheses that arterial baroreflex (ABR) control over muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in humans does not remain constant throughout a bout of leg cycling ranging in intensity from very mild to exhausting. ABR control over MSNA (burst incidence, burst strength and total MSNA) was evaluated by analysing the relationship between beat-to-beat spontaneous variations in diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and MSNA in 15 healthy subjects at rest and during leg cycling in a seated position at five workloads: very mild (10 W), mild (82 ± 5.0 W), moderate (126 ± 10.2 W), heavy (156 ± 14.3 W), and exhausting (190 ± 21.2 W). The workload was incremented every 6 min. The linear relationships between DAP and MSNA variables were significantly shifted downward during very mild exercise, but then shifted progressively upward as exercise intensity increased. During heavy and exhausting exercise, moreover, the DAP-MSNA relationships were also significantly shifted rightward from the resting relationship. The sensitivity of ABR control over burst incidence and total MSNA was significantly lower during very mild exercise than during rest, and the sensitivity of the burst incidence control remained lower than the resting level at all higher exercise intensities. By contrast, the sensitivity of the total MSNA control recovered to the resting level during mild and moderate exercise, and was significantly increased during heavy and exhausting exercise (versus rest). We conclude that, in humans, ABR control over MSNA is not uniform throughout a leg cycling exercise protocol in which intensity was varied from very mild to exhausting. We suggest that this non-uniformity of ABR function is one of the mechanisms by which sympathetic and cardiovascular responses are matched to the exercise intensity.

We tested the hypothesis that hyperthermic hyperventilation in part reflects enhanced chemoreceptor ventilatory O 2 drive, and that the resultant hypocapnia attenuates ventilatory responses and/or middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAV mean ) in resting humans. Eleven healthy subjects were passively heated for 50-80 min, causing oesophageal temperature (T oes ) to increase by 1.6• C. During heating, minute ventilation (V E ) increased (P < 0.05), while end-tidal CO 2 pressure (P ET,CO 2 ) and MCAV mean declined. A hyperoxia test in which three breaths of hyperoxic air were inspired was performed once before heating and three times during the heating. When we observed hypocapnia (P ET,CO 2 below 40 mmHg), P ET,CO 2 was restored to the eucapnic level by adding 100% CO 2 to the inspired air immediately before the last two tests. Minute ventilation was significantly reduced by hyperoxia, and that reduction gradually increased with increasing T oes . However, the percentage decrease inV E from the normoxic level was small (20-29%) and unchanged during heating. When P ET,CO 2 was restored to eucapnic levels,V E was unchanged, but MCAV mean was partly restored to the level seen prior to heating (28.1% restoration at T oes 37.6• C and 38.1% restoration at T oes 38.0 • C). These findings suggest that although hyperthermia increases chemoreceptor ventilatory O 2 drive in resting humans, the relative contribution of the chemoreceptor ventilatory O 2 drive to hyperthermic hyperventilation is small (∼20%) and unaffected by increasing core temperature. Moreover, hypocapnia induced by hyperthermic hyperventilation reduces cerebral blood flow but not ventilatory responses.

A thyroid cancer ultrasonography screening for all residents 18 years old or younger living in the Fukushima prefecture started in October 2011 to investigate the possible effect of the radiological contamination after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accidents as of March 12 to 15, 2011. Thyroid cancer in 184 cases was reported by February 2017. The question arises to which extent those cancer cases are a biological consequence of the radiation exposure or an artefactual result of the intense screening of a large population.Experiences with the Chernobyl accident suggest that the external dose may be considered a valid surrogate for the internal dose of the thyroid gland. We, therefore, calculated the average external effective dose-rate (μSv/h) for the 59 municipalities of the Fukushima prefecture based on published data of air and soil radiation. We further determined the municipality-specific absolute numbers of thyroid cancers found by each of the two screening rounds in the corresponding municipality-specific exposed person-time observed. A possible association between the radiation exposure and the thyroid cancer detection rate was analyzed with Poisson regression assuming Poisson distributed thyroid cancer cases in the exposed person-time observed per municipality.The target populations consisted of 367,674 and 381,286 children and adolescents for the 1st and the 2nd screening rounds, respectively. In the 1st screening, 300,476 persons participated and 270,489 in the 2nd round. From October 2011 to March 2016, a total of 184 cancer cases were found in 1,079,786 person-years counted from the onset of the exposure to the corresponding examination periods in the municipalities. A significant association between the external effective dose-rate and the thyroid cancer detection rate exists: detection rate ratio (DRR) per μSv/h 1.065 (1.013, 1.119). Restricting the analysis to the 53 municipalities that received less than 2 μSv/h, and which represent 176 of the total 184 cancer cases, the association appears to be considerably stronger: DRR per μSv/h 1.555 (1.096, 2.206).The average radiation dose-rates in the 59 municipalities of the Fukushima prefecture in June 2011 and the corresponding thyroid cancer detection rates in the period October 2011 to March 2016 show statistically significant relationships.