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Facial expression recognition is one of the most challenging research areas in the image recognition field and has been studied actively for a long time. But it has not achieved enough performance under the practical environment yet. Especially, smile is the most important facial expression used to communicate well between human beings and also between human and machines. Therefore, if we can detect smile and also estimate it's intensity at low calculation cost and high accuracy, it will raise the possibility of inviting many new applications in the future. In this paper, we focus on smile in facial expressions and study feature extraction methods to detect a smile and estimate its intensity only by facial appearance information (Facial parts detection, not required).

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In coherent PON downlink transmission with 10-km access-span length difference between two ONUs, the adaptive IQ-imbalanced DP-4ASK signal can save the 22 % power consumption of the Q channel of DAC for IQ-balanced DP-4ASK signal.