BackgroundBased upon serology, >10 canine blood group systems have been reported.ObjectiveWe surveyed dogs for dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 and 2 new blood types (Kai 1 and Kai 2), and some samples also were screened for Dal and DEA 3, 4, and 7.MethodsBlood samples provided by owners, breeders, animal blood banks, and clinical laboratories were typed for DEA 1 by an immunochromatographic strip technique with a monoclonal antibody and analysis of band intensity. Both new antigens, the Dal and other DEAs (except DEA 7 by tube method), were assessed by a gel column method with either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. The same gel column method was applied for alloantibody detection.ResultsOf 503 dogs typed, 59.6% were DEA 1+ with 4% weakly, 10% moderately, and 45.6% strongly DEA 1+. Regarding Kai 1 and Kai 2, 94% were Kai 1+/Kai 2‐, 5% were Kai 1‐/Kai 2‐ and 1% were Kai 1‐/Kai 2+, but none were Kai 1+/Kai 2+. There was no relationship between Kai 1/Kai 2 and other blood types tested. Plasma from DEA 1‐, Kai 1‐, Kai 2‐ dogs, or some combination of these contained no detectable alloantibodies against DEA 1 and Kai 1 or Kai, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe new blood types, called Kai 1 and Kai 2, are unrelated to DEA 1, 3, 4, and 7 and Dal. Kai 1+/Kai 2‐ dogs were most commonly found in North America. The clinical relevance of Kai 1 and Kai 2 in canine transfusion medicine still needs to be elucidated.
Key Points Question Which cancer types and their clinical characteristics are associated with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in addition to breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers? Findings In this case-control study of 63 828 patients with 14 common cancer types and 37 086 controls, pathogenic variants in BRCA1 were associated with biliary tract cancer, in BRCA2 with esophageal cancer, and in BRCA1/2 with gastric cancer. Meaning The study results suggest that the range of cancer types associated with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 is broader than that determined from previous analyses, potentially indicating the broader clinical relevance of BRCA1/2 genetic testing.
Background Finding compatible feline blood donors can be challenging. Canine blood has been occasionally used when compatible feline blood was not available in emergency situations. Objectives The study goals were to describe the effects of xenotransfusion in two anemic cats receiving canine blood because of discordant blood types and acute transfusion reaction, respectively, and to report in vitro heterotyping and – crossmatching results between canine and feline blood samples. Material and Methods Blood samples from patients and other cats and dogs were typed, crossmatched, and assessed for alloantibodies using gel, card, and immunochromatographic strip techniques. Results Cat 1 was found to have type AB blood. Cat 2, which experienced an acute transfusion reaction, had type A blood. Neither had detectable alloantibodies against feline RBC. Both cats transiently improved after transfusion with canine blood, however, acute intravascular hemolysis occurred and the PCV rapidly declined. Blood typing post xenotransfusion with DEA 1 strips revealed a positive control band that was absent in feline blood, thus allowing for the identification of transfused canine RBC. Longitudinal assessment revealed that canine RBC could no longer be detected 4 days after xenotransfusion. Major crossmatching (feline plasma with canine RBC) resulted in both positive and negative reactions, depending on the cat. Minor crossmatching results showed mostly incompatibility. Conclusion While both cats survived xenotransfusion, the positive control band on the DEA 1 strip revealed that transfused canine RBC were short-lived, and intravascular hemolysis occurred. Crossmatch results between cats and dogs showed varied incompatibilities, and may not predict transfusion reactions.
Genome-wide association studies have identified >10,000 genetic variants associated with various phenotypes and diseases. Although the majority are common variants, rare variants with >0.1% of minor allele frequency have been investigated by imputation and using disease-specific custom SNP arrays. Rare variants sequencing analysis mainly revealed have played unique roles in the genetics of complex diseases in humans due to their distinctive features, in contrast to common variants. Unique roles are hypothesis-free evidence for gene causality, a precise target of functional analysis for understanding disease mechanisms, a new favorable target for drug development, and a genetic marker with high disease risk for personalized medicine. As whole-genome sequencing continues to identify more rare variants, the roles associated with rare variants will also increase. However, a better estimation of the functional impact of rare variants across whole genome is needed to enhance their contribution to improvements in human health.
Background The Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1 blood group system remains poorly defined. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the DEA 1 mode of inheritance and to characterize the DEA 1 antigen and alloantibodies. Animals Canine research colony families, clinic canine patients, and DEA 1.2+ blood bank dogs were studied. Methods Canine blood was typed by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strips using anti-DEA 1 monoclonal antibodies. Gel column experiments with polyclonal and immunoblotting with monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibodies were performed to analyze select samples. Cross-reactivity of human typing reagents against canine RBCs and one monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody against human RBC panels was assessed. Results Typing of 12 families comprising 144 dogs indicated an autosomal dominant inheritance with ≥4 alleles: DEA 1− (0) and DEA 1+ weak (1+), intermediate (2+) and strong (3+ and 4+). Samples from 6 dogs previously typed as DEA 1.2+ were typed as DEA 1+ or DEA 1− using monoclonal antibodies. Human typing reagents produced varied reactions in tube agglutination experiments against DEA 1+ and DEA 1− RBCs. Polypeptide bands were not detected on immunoblots using a monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody, therefore the anti-DEA 1 antibody may be specific for conformational epitopes lost during denaturation. Conclusions The autosomal dominant inheritance of DEA 1 with ≥4 alleles indicates a complex blood group system; the antigenicity of each DEA 1+ type will need to be determined. The biochemical nature of the DEA 1 antigen(s) appears different from human blood group systems tested.
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