A common form of employment for low-income third world women is domestic work. The power dynamics in this typeDomestic work is a common type of informal employment undertaken by third world women due to limited employment opportunities. In speaking of third world women, we refer not only to women living in the developing world, but also to immigrant women of color working in the Western world. Comparing the literature regarding domestic workers in their own countries with that of immigrant domestic workers in wealthier countries, we see that it is evident that the racial, gender, and class inequalities that define employment relationships create similar problems, including violence.

In Japan, although there is increasing development of policy related to the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV), little attention has been paid to the health issues of battered women. We explored battered women's experiences in health care settings in Japan. Six women participated in focus group and individual interviews. We found that participants' injuries, both emotional and physical, stemming from IPV, were trivialized by health care providers. Women also were given little time to talk with health care providers. We discuss implications for health care practice, research, and policy.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore battered Japanese women's perceptions and experiences of receiving health-care assistance that they found helpful in dealing with their partner's violence. Methods: This study employed an interpretative qualitative design. Fifteen battered Japanese women who lived in central, western, and southern Japan were sampled. The data were collected through face-to-face individual interviews using a semistructured interview guide. The analysis was completed using the thematic analysis method. Results: Three themes were identified that battered Japanese women found helpful in regard to health-care providers' assistance: empathy and understanding, professional intervention, and a flexible system and assistance. Conclusion: For health-care providers to effectively treat battered Japanese women, it is critical that the providers understand the dynamics of intimate partner violence and that they provide information to battered women about the available community resources and options.

We are trying to analyze the features of the Japanese nurses so far dispatched to the developing nations by the Japanese governmental organization as a part of its technical cooperation for the period of one year or more during 30 years between April 1966 and March 1996 in this paper.

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